Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides PDF
Preview Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides
Environmental Dynamics oj Pesticides Environmental Science Research Editorial Board Alexander Hollaender Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee and University of Tennessee, Knoxville Ronald F. Probstein Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts E. S. Starkman General Motors Technical Center Warren, Michigan Bruce L. Welch Friends Medical Science Research Center, Inc. and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Volume 1 - INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Edited by William A. Thomas. 1972 Volume 2 - POLLUTION: ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS Edited by Euval S. Barrekette. 1973 Volume 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY PESTICIDES Edited by C. A. Edwards. 1973 Volume 4 - MASS SPECTROMETRY AND NMR SPECTROSCOPY IN PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY Edited by Rizwanul Haque and Francis J. Biros. 1974 Volume 5 - BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY Edited by Bernard Weiss and Victor G. Laties • 1975 Volume 6 - ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF PESTICIDES Edited by Rizwanul Haque and V. H. Freed. 1975 A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Environmental 0/ Dynamics Pesticides Ediledby RIZWANUL HAQUE Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Health Sciences Center Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon currently U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Program Washington, D.c' andVRFREED Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Health Sciences Center Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Environmental dynamics of pesticides. (Environmental science research; v. 6) Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Division of Pesticide Olemistry, American Olemical Society, held during the 13 7th National American Olemical Society Meeting in Los Angeles, Apr. 1974. Includes bibliographies, and index. 1. Pesticides-Environmental aspects-Congresses. I. Haque, Rizwanul, ed. II. Freed, Virgil Haven, 1919- ed. III. American Chemical Society. Division of Pesticide Olemistry. QH545.P4E48 574.5'222 74-28273 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2864-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2862-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2862-9 Proceedings of a symposium on Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides held during the 137th National American Olemical Society Meeting in Los Angeles, California, April, 1974 © 1975 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 Wcst 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England All righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval "system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Preface Pesticides have played a significant role in increasing food production, and in view of growing worldwide food demand we can expect the use of these chemicals to increase. However, some of them have found their way into the biosphere and have been classi fied as persistent toxic chemicals. This has resulted in serious concern about environmental contamination. Since we are going to continue using chemicals, we should learn more about such aspects as their transport in the environment, the relationship of their physical-chemical properties to transport, their persistence in the biosphere, their partitioning in the biota, and toxicological and epidemiological forecasting based on physical-chemical properties. Environmental chemodynamics is the name given to a subject which deals with some of the above topics, utilizing the principles of such disciplines as chemistry, physics, systems analysis, modelling, engineering, and medical and biological sciences. To ensure the safety of the environment, we must know more about the chemodynamical behavior of pesticides and related chemi cals. The purpose of the symposium "Environmental Dynamics of Pes ticides" was to explore the concept of chemodynamics as applied to pesticides and thus may help in developing the emerging field of environmental chemodynamics. The symposium was held during the l37th National American Chemical Society Meeting at Los Angeles, California, during April, 1974. The three sessions in the sym posium were chai'red by Drs. V.H. Freed, D.G. Crosby, and R. Haque. This volume of the proceedings contains papers on behavior of chemicals in air, water, soil, and biota and includes such topics as modelling in the environment; photochemical behavior; adsorption, leaching, and breakdown; vapor loss; interaction with biological macromolecules; and detoxication by biota. The contributors are recognized experts in their fields and represent academia, industry, and government laboratories. We thank all the contributors for submitting their manuscripts. Without their interest and coopera tion, it would have been impossible to complete this book. Each author should be credited for his own contribution. We are grateful to the Division of Pesticide Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, its membership, and its officers for v vi PREFACE sponsoring this symposium. The editing of the book has been sup ported partly by grants ES-00040 and ES-00210 from the National Institute of Environmental Health. Thanks are due to Ms. Anna Moser and Ms. Connie Brown for their excellent job of typing the entire book. Corvallis, Oregon R. Haque V.H. Freed Contents Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides: An Overview 1 V.H. Freed and R. Haque Chemicals in the Air: The Atmospheric System and Dispersal of Chemicals 5 R.L. Pitter and E.J. Baum Determination of Pesticides and Their Transformation Products in Air 17 James N. Seiber, James E. Woodrow, Talaat M. Shafik, and Henry F. Enos Dynamic Aspects of Pesticide Photodecomposition 45 K.W. Moilanen, D.G. Crosby, C.J. Soderquist, and A.S. Wong Vaporization of Chemicals 61 W.F. Spencer and M.M. Cliath Modeling of Atmospheric Behavior: A Submodel of the Dynamics of Pesticides 79 W. Brian Crews, John W. Brewer, and Timothy J. Petersen Role of Adsorption in Studying the Dynamics of Pesticides in a Soil Environment 97 R. Haque The Interpretation of Soil Leaching Experiments 115 John W. Hamaker Principles of Pesticide Degradation in Soil 135 C.A.I. Goring, D.A. Laskowski, J.W. Hamaker, and R.W. Meikle Modeling of Pesticides in the Aqueous Environment 173 John P. Hassett and G. Fred Lee vii viii CONTENTS Accumulation of Chemicals in the Hydrosphere 185 Rolf Hartung Estimation of Soil Parathion Residues in the San Joaquin Valley, California--A Simulation Study 199 Dennis P.H. Hsieh, Haji M. Jameel, Raymond A. Fleck, Wendell W. Kilgore, Ming Y. Li, and Ruth R. Painter Partitioning and Uptake of Pesticides in Biological Systems 217 Eugene E. Kenaga International Dynamics of Pesticide Poisoning 275 J.E. Davies, S.A. Poznanski, R.F. Smith, and V.H. Freed Detoxication of Pesticides by Biota 289 M.A.Q. Khan, M.L. Gassman, and S.H. Ashrafi Nonenzymic Effects of Pesticides on Membranes 331 R.D. O'Brien Physiological Effects of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Avian Species 343 David B. Peakall Synthesis of the Symposium: Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides 361 S.M. Lambert List of Contributors 367 Index 373 ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF PESTICIDES: AN OVERVIEW V.H. Freed and R. Haque, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Health Sciences Center Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Chemicals for many years have been an important means of con trolling pests afflicting man, his animals, and food crops. Informed opinion is a consensus that with the growing world food crisis, chemicals for pest control will continue to be vital in production of food. This does not minimize other non-chemical approaches, or integrated pest control approaches, but rather recognize that pes ticides remain in many instances our sole weapon of defense. Beneficial though use of pesticides is, it is not without attendant problems. One of these problems is that not all of the chemicals will remain in the area of treatment. The physico-chemical properties of the substance, together with environmental transport processes result in a portion of the chemical released moving else where in the environment. Indeed this has been one of the puzzling and even troublesome questions of our time. Traces of certain of the more persistent chemicals have been found well removed from areas of treatment, that is quite common to find water bodies near to, but not necessarily adjacent to treated areas contaminated with the material. Instances of long distance; i.e., several hundred miles, aerial transport have been reported. The finding that pesticides were being transported from areas of treatment confronts us with a number of challenging scientific questions; among them: 1. What mechanisms are involved in this transport process, and how may they be accurately described and quantitated. 2 V. H. FREED AND R. HAQUE 2. What amount or proportion of the material that has been used is thus transported. 3. What is the fate and behavior of the material during the transport process and upon arrival at the ultimate destination. 4. What, if any, are the biological consequences. 5. How to ensure that the analytical methods accurately iden tify and measure the low level residues. Biologists and chemists for many years have studied fate and behavior of chemicals, but usually within a limited sphere and in only one component of the environment. More recently, scientists have essayed a broader more comprehensive study of these problems. These efforts have evolved into a systematic, interdisciplinary area of study that has come to be labeled chemodynamics. Concern in this symposia with environmental dynamics of pesticides is il lustrative of the interest and approaches being used today. The field has three basic areas of concern; namely, 1. An understanding of and model of the environment and the various interactions. 2. A detailed knowledge of the chemical structure and proper ties of pesticides. 3. Interaction of the chemical and its properties with ele ments of the environment as related to behavior, transport, and fate of the chemical. Recognizing that there are four components of the environment; namely, atmosphere, lithosphere (soil), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (living organisms), that specific parameters measure the properties of each component and that there is a dynamic equilibrium among them, permits a modeling of the transport processes and the distribution of the chemicals in the four components. Such distri bution can be described with appropriate mathematical equations. This symposium will concern itself with the behavior of pesti cides in air, water, soil, and the biota. Rather specific attention will be given to the transport processes, physico-chemical properties of the compounds such as vapor pressures, solubilities, etc., that influence behavior and the mechanisms of partitioning of the pesti cide into a particular component of the environment. Additionally, attention will be given to the fate of the chemicals as influenced by photochemical reaction, microbiological attack, and other types of reactions. What the symposium is attempting to do is rather new; namely, a systematic holistic approach to the dynamics of pesticides.
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