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Environmental Deterioration and Human Health Abdul Malik • Elisabeth Grohmann • Rais Akhtar Editors Environmental Deterioration and Human Health Natural and Anthropogenic Determinants 1 3 Editors Abdul Malik Rais Akhtar Department of Agricultural Microbiology International Institute of Health Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Management and Research (IIHMR) Aligarh Muslim University New Delhi Aligarh India India Elisabeth Grohmann Department of Biology II Microbiology Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany ISBN 978-94-007-7889-4 ISBN 978-94-007-7890-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7890-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2013955014 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth- odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica- tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica- tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Environmental deterioration has shown an increasing relationship with the rise and spread of human diseases. The World Health Organization believes that almost one third of global diseases can be directly related to environmental risk factors. In fact, environmental deterioration plays a large role in the emergence of infectious diseases. Particularly, in developing countries with poor access to sanitation, safe and sufficient water supply as the human population continues to grow, the popu- lation density increases; this leads to an abundance of vectors/parasites and other infection-forming conditions. Extreme temperatures, climate-related disturbances, air and water pollution have a direct influence on the spread of infection and disease. Environmental exposures to chemicals and toxins are a major contributor to diseases. The health effects of global change are often indirect and difficult to assess, and the evidence of quality of the health-related outcomes varies widely. Furthermore, the health science needs to understand that global environmental change is increas- ingly interdisciplinary and requires collaboration among meteorologists, chemists, biologists, agronomists, geographers, geologists and health scientists. Environ- mental deterioration exaggerates the imbalance between population and resources and worsens the severity of poverty. In other words, interactions between poverty, population growth and environmental degradation impede sustainable economic development and worsen population health. It is important for health scientists to anticipate the potential consequence of environmental change and act accordingly. It is irony that serious environmental problems are often unknown or unrecognized. The increasing incidences of air pollution, water pollution, land and soil pollu- tion, solid and hazardous waste pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, silting and flooding are illustrations of environmental quality deterioration. Deteriorating qual- ity of the environment slowly, but steadily poses a threat to human security. To counter the threat caused by environmental quality deterioration that impinges on human security, an environmental management system already exists. However, the various efforts undertaken by the relevant government agencies do not seem to be successful in stopping further environmental quality deterioration as the ac- tions taken are not really coordinated and integrated especially when it comes to v vi Preface implementation of laws and regulations and, thus, the threat to human security is not really checked. This book discusses the natural and anthropogenic determinants of the environ- ment; climate change and other issues and their impact on human health. The book covers ecology of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, pesticide and heavy metal (arsenic) problems in natural environment; molecular advances in understanding of microbial interactions; ecological studies of human and animal health and dis- eases; food security, climate change and technological developments. This book is not intended to serve as an encyclopaedic review of the subject. However, the various chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects and may serve as baseline information for future research through which significant development is possible. The content of this book is divided into four main areas: Environmental Quality Deterioration and Health; Pollution and Health; Climate Change and Health; and Water Quality, Exposure and Health. The book has 18 chapters, with each focused on a specific topic to cover diverse perspectives. Chapter 1 gives an overview on Environmental Deterioration and Human Health. Other Chapters include Environ- ment and Health in Italian Cities; Environmental Concerns of the Tanning Industry; Environmental and Health Effects of Textile Industry Wastewater; Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis for Prevention of Environmental Deterioration; Impact of In- secticides on the Environment and Human Health; Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment; Organic Chemicals of Emerging Environmental Concern– Persistence and Bioavailability; Application of microorganisms in bioremediation of environment from heavy metals; Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Food- stuffs, Fish, Wildlife and Human Tissues from India; Management of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate: A Global Environmental Issue; Climate Change and Migration: Food Insecurity as a Driver and Outcome of Climate Change related Migration; Climate Change and Vector Borne Diseases in Latin America; Climate Change and Geoenvironmental Problems in Indian Desert; Geo-ecology of Malaria in India; Spring Water Quality and Human Health in Foothill Settlements of Pir Panjal Range in Anantnag and Kulgam, Kashmir, India; Dietary Exposure to Ar- senic as Main Anthropogenic Factor; and Land Use Changes and their Impact on Water Resources in Himalayas. With great pleasure, we extend our sincere thanks to all our well-qualified and internationally renowned contributors from different countries for providing the im- portant, authoritative and cutting edge scientific information/technology to make this book a reality. All chapters are well illustrated with appropriately placed tables and figures and enriched with up to date information. We are also thankful to the reviewers who carefully and timely reviewed the manuscripts. Dr. Abdul Malik is also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhi for DBT CREST award/fellowship during the preparation of the book. We are extremely thankful to Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands for complet- ing the review process expeditiously to grant acceptance for publication. We ap- preciate the great efforts of the book publishing team, especially of Dr. Alexandrine Preface vii Cheronet, Senior Publishing Editor Environmental Sciences in responding to all queries very promptly. We express sincere thanks to our family members for all the support they provid- ed and regret the neglect and loss they suffered during the preparation of this book. Aligarh, India Abdul Malik Freiburg, Germany Elisabeth Grohmann New Delhi, India Rais Akhtar Contents Part I Environmental Quality Deterioration and Health 1 Environmental Deterioration and Human Health: An Overview ......... 3 Farhana Masood, Elisabeth Grohmann, Rais Akhtar and Abdul Malik 2 E nvironment and Health in Italian Cities: The Case of Taranto .......... 17 Tiziana Banini and Cosimo Palagiano 3 E nvironmental Concerns of the Tanning Industry ................................. 39 Farhana Masood and Abdul Malik 4 E nvironmental and Health Effects of Textile Industry Wastewater ..... 55 Sana Khan and Abdul Malik 5 Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis for Prevention of Environmental Deterioration .................................................................... 73 Showkat Ahmad Lone, Abdul Malik and Jasdeep Chatrath Padaria Part II Pollution and Health 6 I nsecticides: Impact on the Environment and Human Health ............. 99 M. Shafiq Ansari, Maher Ahmed Moraiet and Salman Ahmad 7 S pread of Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: Impact on Human Health ...................................................................................... 125 Melanie Broszat and Elisabeth Grohmann 8 P ersistent Organic Chemicals of Emerging Environmental Concern ........................................................................... 163 Luciana Pereira ix x Contents 9 Application of Microorganisms in Bioremediation of Environment from Heavy Metals ......................................................... 215 Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz and Christel Baum 10 Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Foodstuffs, Fish, Wildlife, and Human Tissues from India: Historical Trend and Contamination Status ..................................................................... 229 V. Dhananjayan and B. Ravichandran 11 Management of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate: A Global Environmental Issue .............................................................. 263 Meththika Vithanage, S.S.R.M.D.H.R. Wijesekara, A. R. Siriwardana, Soniya S. Mayakaduwa and Yong Sik Ok Part III Climate Change and Health 12 Climate Change and Migration: Food Insecurity as a Driver and Outcome of Climate Change-Related Migration............. 291 Celia McMichael 13 Climate Change and Vector Borne Diseases in Latin America .......... 315 Ulisses EC Confalonieri and Flávia RL Suassuna Dutra 14 Climate Change and Geoenvironmental Problems in Indian Desert ..................................................................... 325 H. S. Sharma 15 Geoecology of Malaria in India: Historical Perspective and a Case Study of Western Rajasthan ..................................................... 335 Rais Akhtar Part IV Water Quality, Exposure and Health 16 Spring Water Quality and Human Health in Foothill Settlements of Pir Panjal Range in Anantnag and Kulgam Districts of Jammu and Kashmir State, India ..................................... 349 G. M. Rather, Rafiq A. Hajam, M. S. Bhat and T. A. Kanth 17 Dietary Exposure to Arsenic as an Anthropogenic Factor: Beyond the Recommended Diet ............................................................ 371 Rebeca Monroy Torres 18 Land-Use Changes and Their Impact on Water Resources in Himalaya............................................................................................. 389 Bhagwati Joshi and Prakash C. Tiwari Index ................................................................................................................ 401 About the Editors Dr. Abdul Malik is Associate Professor and Former Chairman (Head), Department of Agricultural Microbiology. Dr. Malik has been awarded several International fellowships, awards and honours including DBT CREST Award, DAAD fellowship (Germany), BOYSCAST overseas fellowship, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Fund award etc. Dr. Malik spent one year as visiting professor/scientist at the University of Freiburg, Germany working on a project focusing on GFP-based monitoring of plasmid transfer in anthropogenic contaminated soils. He has collaborative projects with TU Berlin, Germany and University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. He has received research grants from several funding agencies of the Govt. of India including DST, CSIR, UGC as Principal Investigator. Dr. Malik has edited five books published by leading international Publishers. His major areas of research are Environmental Microbiology, Ecotoxicology and Agricultural Microbiology. Dr. Malik has published a number of research papers in leading scientific journals of the world with high impact factor. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Elisabeth Grohmann is group leader and Professor at the Institute of Biology II, Microbiology at Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany. She received her Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from Technical University, Graz, Austria. In 2003, she completed her habilitation (Venia legendi) in Molecular Biology at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University Berlin, Germany. In 2011, she received an ikerbasque visiting scientist fellowship. She spent 15 months as visiting professor at the University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain working on a project focusing on the biochemical and biophysical characterization of conjugative transfer proteins. Elisabeth Grohmann has received research grants from DFG, BMBF, EU, ESA, DLR, DAAD etc. She has collaborative projects with European, North American, Mexican and Indian academic institutions and industry partners. Her thrust areas of research are conjugative plasmids and the elucidation of their transfer mechanism as well as molecular and microscopic xi

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