Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Challenges and Remedies PDF
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Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Challenges and Remedies NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The Series is published by IOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers, in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. A. Life Sciences IOS Press B. Physics Kluwer Academic Publishers C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D. Behavioural and Social Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers E. Applied Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers F. Computer and Systems Sciences IOS Press 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environmental Security Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press 5. Computer Networking IOS Press NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly in the NATO ASI Series. An electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from internatonal scientists publish ed in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM of the NATO ASI Series can be ordered from: PCO, Overijse, Belgium c£p]rp 2. Environmental Security - Volume 56 Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Challenges and Remedies edited by Sükrü T. Besiktepe Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, icel, Turkey Ümit Ünlüata Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, icel, Turkey and Alexandru S. Bologa Romanian Marine Research Institute, Constanta, Romania Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Degradation of the Back Sea: Challenges and Remedies Constanta-Mamaia, Romania 6-10 October 1997 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-5676-9 ISBN 978-94-011-4568-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4568-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...............................................................................................v ii Origin of the Black Sea N Gornr .......................................................................................................................... 1 Geochemistry of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments of the Black Sea: An Overview M. N (,agatay .................................................................................................................. 9 Importance of Sedimentary Processes in Environmental Changes: Lower River Danube -Danube Delta -Western Black Sea System NPanin, D.C. Jipa, MT. Gomoiu, D. Secrieru ...............................................2 3 Characteristic Chemical Features and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Black Sea O. BQ$turk, E. Yakushev, S Tugrul, i Salihoglu ..............................................4 3 Eutrophication: A Plausible Cause for Changes in Hydrochecimal Structure of the Black Sea Anoxic Layer SK. Konovalov, L.1. Ivanov, J. W. Murray, L. V. Eremeeva .................................. 61 The Suboxic Zone of the Black Sea J. W. Murray, B. Lee, John Bullister, George W. Luther, III ............................... 75 An Approach to Modelling Anoxic Conditions in the Black Sea E. V. Yakushev ..................................................................................... 93 Temporal (Seasonal and Interannual) Changes of Ecosystem of the Open Waters of the Black Sea ME. Vinogradov, E. A. Shushkina, A.S Mikaelyan, NP. Nezlin ......................... 109 Distribution of Planktonic Primary Production in the Black Sea A. S. Bologa, P. T. Frangopol, V. 1. Vedernikov, L. V. Stelmakh, 0. A. Yunev, A. Yilmaz, T. Oguz ............................................. 131 Fluctuations of Pelagic Species of the Open Black Sea during 1980-1995 and Possible Teleconnections U Niermann, A. E. KldeYfj, A. V. Kovalev, V. Melnikov, V. Belokopytov ................. 147 Status and Evolution of the Romanian Black Sea Coastal Ecosystem Petranu, M Apas, N Bodeanu, A. S Bologa, C. Dumitrache, M Moldoveanu, G. Radu, V. Tiganus ........................................................ 175 vi Modeling the Black Sea Pelagic Ecosystem and Biogeochemical Structure: A Synthesis of Recent Activities T. Oguz, U. Unluata, H. W Ducklow, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli .............................. 197 Satellite Altimetry Observations of the Black Sea G.K. Korotaev, 0. A. Saenko, C. J. Kobiinsky, V. V. Knysh ................................2 25 Hydro-Optical Studies of the Black Sea: History and Status V.L. Vladimirov, V.l. Mankovsky, M V. Solov'ev, A. V. Mishonov, S. T. Besiktepe .................................................................................... 245 Influence of Anthropogenic Impact on the Physiology of Some Black Sea Fish Species G. E. Shulman ,A. fA. Stolbov, E. V. Ivleva., V. fA. Shchepkin, G. S. Minyuk ........2 57 International Mussel Watch (UNESCO/IOC) in the Black Sea: A Pilot Study for Biological Effects and Contaminant Residues M N Moore, D. M Lowe, R. J. Wedderburn, T. Wade, G. Balashov, H. Biiyiikgiingor, Y Daurova, Y Denga, E. Kostylev, P. Mihnea, S. Moncheva, S. Tabagari, C. Ciocan, H. Gzkoc, M H. Depledge ........................2 73 Database and Database Management System of the TV-Black Sea Project V.L. Vladimirov, S. T. Besiktepe, D. G. Aubrey ..............................................2 91 GIS for Regional Seas Programmes: A Case Study: the Black Sea V. 0. Mamaev, D. G. Aubrey, 0. Musin .................................................... 303 Towards Development of an Operational Marine Services System in the Black Sea V. Ryabinin, M Popova, J. Poitevin, P. Daniel, A. Frolov, G. Kortchev ............... .317 Oil Contingency Plans for Naval Activities P. Hankins, F. Touchstone, B. Hanion ...................................................... .337 The Black Sea Contingency Planning for Marine Oil Spills L. Stoyanov, D. Dorogan, S. Jelescu ......................................................... .351 Romanian Contributions to ongoing Black Sea Research and Management Programmes A. S. Bologa ....................................................................................... 367 Working Groups Reports ...................................................................... .3 77 List of Participants ............................................................................... 387 PREFACE The Black Sea presently faces severe ecological disequilibrium due primarily to eutrophication and other types of contaminants, from atmospheric, river and landbased sources. Major contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Among the most critical contemporary concerns are eutrophication and associated deterioration of water quality, plankton blooms, hypoxia and anoxia, loss of biodiversity and decline of living resources. A better understanding of conditions leading to eutrophication and of the associated changes during the last four decades, is being carried out at national , regional and international levels. High quality scientific research has been conducted in all Black Sea riparian countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine). In addition, several successful regional research programmes (e.g., CoMSBlack, NATO-TU Black Sea, NATO-TU Waves, EC-EROS 2000 Phase III, IOC Black Sea Regional Center with Pilot Projects 112) and one major environmental management program (GEF-BSEP) have been successfully launched. New international efforts like the Black Sea Commission, the Black Sea Program Coordination Unit, the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (all situated in Istanbul), together with the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992) and the Odessa Interministerial Decleration (1993) attest to the economic and political importance of these problems and the attention presently paid to this endangered sea. The purpose of the ARW was to synthesize the present knowledge based on the past and the ongoing research, technology and management programs, the most recent field and laboratory results, and the progress achieved in regional communication, networking and the creation of data base management systems for the Black Sea. The trans boundary environmental issues were highlighted by the key speakers who reviewed the most relevant environmental questions, sharing data and approaches, and discussed ways to promote interdisciplinary and international efforts for identifying remedies for the near future. The ARW identified future research needs and a framework for a continuous ocean observing system and forecast capabilities for the Black Sea in parallel with developments in modem ocean science. Each presentation have focused on different aspect of the Black Sea oceanography and therefore wide range of topics from oil spills to geology, from observational ecological processes to modeling were covered. Papers presented in the workshop can be divided into two groups as scientific papers addressing environmental degradation of the Black Sea and reports on the achievements of the existing international programs Thanks are expressed to all participants of the workshop and the contributors to this volume. All ao the participants contributed to the working group discussions and prepared reports at the end of this book. We thank the NATO Science Committee for giving us opportunity to carry out this Workshop. We should like to express our sincere appreciation to Dr. L. Veiga da Cunha, Director for the Priority Area on Environment of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of the NATO, for his support The editors ORIGIN OF THE BLACK SEA NACi GOROR lTV Maden Fakultesi, Jeleoloji Bolumu, 80626 Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract Origin of the Black Sea has long been a matter of discussion. Many tectonic models have been proposed to explain how and when this mini ocean was created. One model regarded it as a remnant ocean. Another one attributed its formation to the basifcation of a continental crust. A third model suggested that it resulted from a continuous uplift and erosion of a landmass. A fourth model indicated that it resulted from strike-slip fault activities. The most favourite model is the back-arc opening. In these models various age estimates, ranging from pre-Cambrian to Quaternary have been proposed, although mid-Cretaceous has gained a wide support. 1. Introduction The Black Sea is an inland marine basin located north of Turkey. It is connected with the Mediterranean by the Thracian Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. It is about 900- km- long and 300- km- wide with a 460 000 km2 surface area and 534000 km3 volume. It contains low-salinity water resulted from restricted exchange with oceans, large freshwater input, and low evaporation rate [32]. The surface waters are oxygeneted, whereas deep waters (generally deeper than 150 m) are anoxic and rich in H S [10,29]. 2 Geomorphological features, such as continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain are well-developed in the Black Sea Basin. The continental shelf on the Turkish side is narrow; 30 to 50 km wide along the Thrace and the Kocaeli Peninsula and about 10 km along the Eastern Pontides. The continental slope here are steep with a gradient of 1: 40 and cut by many turbidite canyons. Continental rise generally has a smooth surface with a gradient between 1: 40-1: 1000. The abyssal plain usually has a gradient of less than I: 1000 [32, 20, 12]. Geophysical studies indicate that the Black sea consist of two deep basins: the West and the East Black Sea Basins. These basins are floored by oceanic crust and are separated by the mid-Black Sea ridge, a region of thinned continental crust. The Moho is about 20 km deep in the West Black Sea Basin and 25 km deep in the East Black Sea 2 Basin [27, 23, 24,8,34,6, 13,4]. Each basin shows different stratigraphic and structural features [21,40, 13,28]. The West Black Sea Basin trends E-W and has more than 14 km sedimentary fill, whereas the East Black Sea Basin trends NW-SE and contains less than 12 km infill [12, 44]. The infill of both basins ranges in age from Cretaceous to Holocene and are cut particularly in the East Black Sea Basin by numerous faults [13]. Formation of the Black Sea has long been debated. Many contradictory models of the origin with various age estimates have been proposed. Most of these models are reviewed below to show their similarities and dissimilarities. The purpose of doing this is to see what consensus of opinion exists about timing and kinematics of opening of the Black Sea. 2. Timing of Opening Proposed A wide range of age has been attributed to the opening of the Black Sea. Two extreme age estimations bracket these proposals. One is pre-Cambrian [22] and the other is early Quaternary [26]. The rest ranges in between [11] regarded the Black Sea as being Palaeozoic. Sorokhtin[35] and Vardapetyan [41] thought that it may be early Mesozioc. Adamia et al. [2], Hsti et at. [19] and Letouzey et al. [21] suggested that it opened during the latest Cretaceous to early Cenozoic time. Goncharov and Neprochnov [15] and Muratov [24] proposed a late Cenozoic age. Zonenshain and Le Pichon [44] suggested that the Black sea formed during three episodes in the middle Jurassic, late Jurassic, and late Cretaceous. Later authors, such as Gorilr [16], Gorilr et al. [17], Okay et at. [28], and Robinson et al. [31] specified this age particularly for the West Black Sea Basin as Aptian (the mid-Cretaceous). 3. Models of the Origin Proposed Many authors, including Dewey et at. [11], Sorokhtin [35], and Vardapetyan [41], suggested that the Black Sea is a remnant of an ancient ocean basin. Zonanshain and Le Pichon [44] proposed that it is a remnant of an originally much greater marginal sea developed during three separate episodes in the middle Jurassic, late Jurassic, and the late Cretaceous. Following Beloussov's [5] view, Subbotin et al. [38], Muratov [25], Yanshin et at. [43], and Shlezinger [33] argued against the idea about the oceanic nature of the Black Sea. They claimed that the oceanic crust beneath the Black Sea was not an originally oceanic one, but had formed later by basification of a continental crust. Brinkmann [7] accepted the former presence of a landmass, so called Pontian massif of Frech [14], in the Black Sea area until late in the Mesozoic. According to him this continental area was eroded and subsequently submerged to form the Black Sea in the mid-Cretaceous. Existence of such landmass was also indicated by earlier workers, such as Wilser [42] and Stille [36, 37]. Petras check [30] rejected this suggestion. According to him the conspicuous similarities of the Jurassic and the Cretaceous in the Crimea to those in the central Ponti des contradict such hypothesis. In accordance with Petrascheck's [30] views, Adamia et at. [2], HSil et at. [19], and Letouzey et at. [21] 3 .............. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . Alpide orogens c=J Early Cimmeride zones .. Hercynian zones 1:;~/51 Late Clmmeride zones Major post-Eocene thrusts ~tnlce-slip fautt Suture zones Figure 1 Tectonic settmg of the Black Sea basm (after Okay et al [30]) suggested that the Black Sea opened as a result of a back-arc rifting behind the Pontide magmatic arc. Apolskiy [3], however, thought that this marine basin resulted from sinistral strike slip fault movement between the Kopet Dag and the Carpathians, rather than the rifting. Later studies, i.e. GorUr [16] and GorUr et al. [17], are in general agreement with the back-arc rifting model. Data reviewed in these studies showed that
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