Environmental Control in Thermal Power Plants

551 Pages·2021·10.568 MB·English

by  T.M. Aggarwal

Environmental Control in
Thermal Power Plants

Environmental Control in
Thermal Power Plants
T.M. Aggarwal
B.E. (Hons) Post Graduate Diploma in Management Studies
Fellow Institution of Engineers
President Transmission Consulting Engineers
Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi

Formerly
Chief General Manager, Cement Corporation of India Ltd.
Managing Director, Jaipur Udyog Ltd. and Kanpur Jute Udyog Ltd.
Director (Nominee) ICICI and IDBI
Advisor (Technical) Cement Manufacturer’s Association
Expert Cement and Building Materials UNIDO Vienna Austria
On the Roster of UNIDO World Bank UNFCCC
First published 2021
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ISBN: 978-1-032-00756-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-17546-9 (ebk)
Brief Contents
1. Thermal Power Generation 1–164
2. Energy and Environment 165–472
3. Thermal Power Plants and Pollution 473–514
References 515–524
Index 525–530

Detail Contents
1. Thermal Power Generation 1–164
1.1 Demand and Supply Position of Electricity 2
1.2 Energy Demand and Supply 2
1.3 Surging Energy Demand 3
1.4 Road Blocks on the Way 3
1.4.1 Restructuring the Power Sector Adequate 4
1 .4.2 Eyeing Accelerated Power Generation 5
1.5 Development of Ultra Mega Power Projects 6
1.6 Planned Transmission 6
1.6.1 Bringing Efficiency in Distribution 7
1.6.2 Reaching to Rural India 8
1.6.3 Harnessing Renewable Energy 9
1 .6.4 Energy Saved is Energy Created 9
1.7 Unit Capacity Thermal Power Stations 9
1.8 Thermal Power – Technology Development 10
1.8.1 Boilers 11
1.8.2 Feed Water Makeup and Demineralizing Plant 11
1 .8.3 Circulating Water System 11
1.9 Control and Instrumentation 12
1.10 Plant Layout 3×660 MW units 12
1.10.1 Capacity Utilization and Performance Improvement 13
1.10.2 Thermal Hydro Ratio 14
1.10.3 Thermal Power and Environment 14
1 .10.4 List of Power Stations in India 14
1.10.5 Thermal Capacity, Generation and PLF 32
1.11 Coal Fired Power Plants Green House Gas Emissions 38
1.11.1 Power Plant Efficiency Improvement Measures 39
1 .11.2 Energy Conservation Measures (Site Specific) 40
1.11.3 Afforestation at Coal Station 40
1.11.4 Nitrous Oxide Control Measures 40
1.11.5 Mitigation of Green House Gases 41
1.12 Environmental Control Thermal Power Plants 41
1.12.1 Major Categories of Pollutants 42
1.12.2 Sources of Pollutants, and Permissible Limits 43
viii Detail Contents
1.12.3 Pollutants Originating from Cooling Systems 46
1.12.4 Effluents from Pre-treatment Plant and DM Water Plant 47
1.12.5 Pollutants Originating from Power Cycle System 49
1.12.6 Sanitary Waste 50
1.12.7 Miscellaneous Effluents 50
1.12.8 Effluents Management System 50
1.12.9 Noise Pollution 51
1.13 Fluidized Bed Combustion 53
1.13.1 Fluidized Bed Boilers Versus Pulverized Fuel Boilers 54
1 .13.2 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 55
1 .13.3 Fluidized Bed Boilers 55
1 .13.4 Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion 57
1.13.5 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion 58
1.13.6 Pressurized Bubbling Fluidized Bed System 58
1.13.7 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor 60
1.13.8 Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed System 60
1.13.9 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles 61
1.14 Environmental Assessment 61
1.14.1 Particulate Emissions 61
1.14.2 Sulphur Dioxide Emissions 62
1 .14.3 Nitrogen Oxides 62
1 .14.4 Greenhouse Gases 62
1.14.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 62
1.14.6 Nitrous Oxide 62
1.14.7 Solid Waste 63
1.14.8 Aqueous Discharge 63
1.14.9 Electricity Sector in India 63
2.1 Rural Electrification 68
2.2 NTPC-Powerhouse of Excellence a Profile 69
2.2.1 The Genesis of NTPC 69
2 .2.2 Lighting Every Fourth Home 70
2 .2.3 Market Leader and Global Performer 70
2.2.4 NHPC–National Hydro Electric Power Corporation 71
2.2.5 Power Grid Corporation of India Limited 74
2 .2.6 Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC) 75
2.3 Thermal Generation in India-The BHEL Contribution 76
2.3.1 The 500 MW Turbo Generators 77
2.3.2 Air-cooled Turbo Generators for Combined-Cycle Applications 77
2.3.3 Capability to Set-up Combined Cycle Power Plants 78
2.3.4 Gas Turbines 78
2.3.5 The Advent to the Combined–Cycle Plant 79
Detail Contents ix
2.3.6 Introduction of Naphtha Firing 79
2.3.7 The Advanced Class Gas Turbines 81
2.4 The Next Generation Power Plant 81
2.5 Gasification Adds Value 82
3.1 Thermal Power: Guidelines for New Plants 83
3.2 World Bank Emission Standards for Coal Fired Thermal
Power Plants in India 107
3.3 Central Pollution Control Board Environmental Standards 108
3.4 Thermal Power Plants in India 112
3 .4.1 Anthropogenic Emissions 113
3 .4.2 NTPC Run Thermal power plants 113
3.4.3 NOx Emissions 114
3.4.4 Soot Emissions 115
3.4.5 Fly Ash Pond / Pitash Emissions 115
3.5 Coal 115
3.5.1 Coal Properties 115
3.5.2 Elemental Analysis, Moisture Content and
Grades of Typical Indian Coals 116
3.6 Fuels 117
3.6.1 Theory of Combustion 117
3 .6.2 Solid Fuels 118
3.6.3 Ultimate Analysis of Typical United States Coals 119
3.6.4 Physical Properties 122
3.6.5 Fuel-bed Firing 124
3.6.6 Underfeed Firing 127
3.6.7 Suspension Firing 130
3.6.8 Pulverization 131
3.7 Types of Coal Grinding Mill 141
3 .7.1 Tumbling Mills 141
3 .7.2 Roller Mills 142
4.1 Emissions from Coal Usage 144
4.2 Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen From Coal 146
4.3 Carbonaceous Material and Black Carbon 147
4.4 Suspended Particulate Matter 148
4.5 Coal Reserves 148
5.1 Dirty Secret: Coal Plants Could be Much Cleaner 149
5.1.1 Success Story 150
5.1.2 Yonghung Thermal Power Plant 153
5.1.3 Dahanu Thermal Power Station, Dahanu Taluka, India 160