Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation, Volume 10 PDF
Preview Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation, Volume 10
Environmental Colloids and Particles Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation E nvironmental Colloids and P ar ticles : Behaviour, Separation and(cid:13)(cid:10)Characterisatio n E dited by K . J . Wilkins on and J . R. L ead 2007 IUPA C. ISBN: 0-470-02432-1 IUPAC SERIES ON ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Series Editors Jacques Buffle, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Herman P. van Leeuwen, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Series publishedwithin the framework of the activities of the IUPAC Commission on Fundamental Environmental Chemistry, Divisionof Chemistry and the Environment. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (IUPAC) Secretariat, PO Box 13757, 104 T. W. Alexander Drive, Building 19, Research TrianglePark, NC 27709-3757,USA Previously published volumes (Lewis Publishers): Environmental Particles Vol. 1 (1992) ISBN 0-87371-589-6 Editedby Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen Environmental Particles Vol. 2 (1993) ISBN 0-87371-895-X Editedby Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen Previously Published volumes (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd): Metal Speciation and Bioavailabilityin Aquatic Systems Vol. 3 (1995) ISBN 0-471-95830-1 Editedby Andre´ Tessier and David R. Turner Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles Vol. 4 (1998) ISBN 0-471-95936-7 Editedby Pan M. Huang, NicolaSenesi and Jacques Buffle Atmospheric Particles Vol. 5 (1998) ISBN 0-471-95935-9 Editedby Roy M. Harrison and Rene´ van Grieken In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems Vol. 6 (2000) ISBN 0-471-48979-4 Editedby Jacques Buffle and George Horvai The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater Vol. 7 (2001) ISBN 0-471-49068-7 Editedby David R. Turner and Keith A. Hunter Interactions between Soil Particles and Microorganisms Vol. 8 (2002) ISBN 0-471-60790-8 Editedby Pan M. Huang, Jean-Marc Bollag and Nicola Senesi Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces Vol. 9 (2004) ISBN 0-471-49845-9 Editedby Herman P. van Leeuwen and Wolfgang Ko¨ster Forthcoming titles: Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems Vol. 11 (2007) ISBN 0-470-01474-1 Editedby Nicola Senesi and Kevin J. Wilkinson IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems. Volume 10 Environmental Colloids and Particles Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation Edited by KEVIN J. WILKINSON University ofMontreal, Montreal, Canada JAMIE R. LEAD The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Copyright2007IUPAC Publishedin2007byJohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthetermsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90 TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.RequeststothePublisher shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproduct namesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.The Publisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorother expertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. TheTEMimageusedonthefrontcoverwaskindlysupplied byDidierPerret,DenisMavrocordatosandCharles-PhilippeLeinemann. OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,ONT,L5R4J3,Canada Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Wilkinson,KevinJ. Environmentalcolloidsandparticles:behaviour,separation,and characterisation/KevinJ.Wilkinson,JamieR.Lead. p.cm. Includesindex ISBN-13:978-0-470-02432-4 ISBN-10:0-470-02432-1 1. Colloids.2. Waterchemistry.3. Nanoparticles–Environmental aspects.ILead,JamieR.II.Title. QD549.W4462006 541(cid:1).345–dc22 2006020351 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN-13:978-0-470-02432-4(HB) ISBN-10:0-470-02432-1(HB) Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. Contents List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 1 Environmental Colloids and Particles: Current Knowledge and Future Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 JamieR. Leadand KevinJ. Wilkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Colloidal Properties of Submicron Particles in Natural Waters . . . . . . . 17 Montserrat Filella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Colloid–Trace Element Interactions in Aquatic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 FredericJ. Doucet, JamieR. Lead and PeterH. Santschi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ultrafiltration and its Applications to Sampling and Characterisation of Aquatic Colloids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 LaodongGuo and Peter H.Santschi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Characterisation of Aquatic Colloids and Macromolecules by Field-flow Fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Martin Hassello¨v, Frank vonderKammer and Ronald Beckett . . . . . . . . . . 6 Modern Electrophoretic Techniques for the Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin and JensJunkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Electrophoresis of Soft Colloids: Basic Principles and Applications. . . . . 315 Je´roˆmeF. L.Duval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Strategies and Advances in the Characterisation of Environmental Colloids by Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 DenisMavrocordatos, Didier Perret and Gary G. Leppard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Force Microscopy and Force Measurements of Environmental Colloids. . 405 Eric Balnois, GeorgPapastavrou, and KevinJ. Wilkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Laser Scanning Microscopy for Microbial Flocs and Particles . . . . . . . . 469 JohnR. Lawrence and ThomasR. Neu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Study of Environmental Systems by Means of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 NicolasFatin-Rouge and JacquesBuffle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Laser-induced Breakdown Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Jae-ilKim andClemensWalther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Probing Environmental Colloids and Particles with X-rays . . . . . . . . . . 613 Jean-Franc¸oisGaillard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Kevin J. Wilkinson received a Ph.D. in Environmental Chem- istry from the National Water Research Institute of the Univer- sity of Quebec (INRS-Eau) in 1993. After his Ph.D., he joined the research group of Prof. Jacques Buffle at the University of Geneva, where he began to examine some of the important biophysical properties of environmental biopolymers and col- loids. Following the establishment of his own research group in 1994, he focused his research on to relating the structure of environmental colloids to their function in addition to initiat- ing a research programme designed to develop a fundamental understandingofthechemicalmechanismsoftracemetalbioavailability.In2005,hewas appointed Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Montreal. His teach- ing includes (bio)analytical and environmental chemistry. His current research interests include: (i) improving our understanding of the role(s) of microorganisms on the bio- physicochemistry of trace elements and colloids; (ii) development and optimisation of novel analytical techniques for quantifying bioavailability and colloidal/aggregate struc- ture; (iii) characterising environmental biopolymers; and (iv) determining the role of diffusion in complex environmental media (biofilms, flocs, sediments). He is currently a member of the editorial boards of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Envi- ronmental Chemistry and a titular member of the IUPAC Chemistry and Environment Division. Jamie R. Lead is an aquatic chemist who received his first degreeinEnvironmentalSciencefromtheUniversityofSussex, U.K. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1994 from Lancaster University, U.K.,investigatinglanthanideandactinidespeciationinrelation to humic substances from aquatic and terrestrial systems. He subsequently undertook postdoctoral research at Lancaster University, working on colloid-metal interactions using field- flowfractionation,andattheUniversityofGeneva,Switzerland applying fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to quantify the diffusion coefficients of organic colloids and nanoparticles. He subsequently took up an academic position in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham, U.K. (2000), where he was made a Senior Lecturer in Water Chemistry (2004) and is currently a Reader in Aquatic Chemistry. His major current research interests are: (i) the development and application of new analytical and fractionation techniques in the area of metal speciation and colloid structure; (ii) quantifying the structure of aquatic colloids and nanoparticles and the relationship structure has to their role in trace pollutant fate and behaviour; and (iii) the fate and behaviour of manufactured nanoparticles in the aquatic environment. He has published extensively in the area of colloid structure and the interactions of colloids with metals. He heads a current knowledge transfer network on aquatic colloids (AQUANET) and on manufacture nanoparticles (NANONET), and as such, has organised and chaired several recent international conferences and workshops in these areas. List of Contributors Eric Balnois Laboratoire Polyme`res,Proprie´te´s aux InterfacesetComposites (L2PIC),Universite´ de Bretagne Sud, rue de St Maude´,BP 92116, F-56321 LorientCedex,France Ronald Beckett Water Studies Centre,School ofChemistry, Monash University (ClaytonCampus), Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia Jacques Buffle Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE),Departmentof Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva,30quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211Geneva4, Switzerland Frederic J. Doucet University ofNottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE125RD, UK Je´roˆme F. L. Duval Environmentand Mineralogy Laboratory, UMRINPL-CNRS7569, ResearchCenter Franc¸ois Fiessinger, 15avenue duCharmois, BP 40, F-54501 Vandoeuvre-le`s-Nancy cedex,France Nicolas Fatin-Rouge Laboratoire de ChimiedesMate´riaux etInterfaces,16route deGray, F-25030Besanc¸on cedex,France Montserrat Filella Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE),Departmentof Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva,30quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211Geneva4, Switzerland Jean-Franc¸ois Gaillard Departments of Civiland Environmental Engineering, NorthwesternUniversity, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-1309, USA Laodong Guo Department ofMarine Science,University of Southern Mississippi, 1020 Balch Boulevard, Stennis Space Center,MS39529, USA Martin Hassello¨v Department ofChemistry, Go¨teborg University, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Jens Junkers (deceased) GSF–National ResearchCenterfor Environmentand Health, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, MolecularBioGeoanalysis, Ingolsta¨dter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Jae-Il Kim Institut fu¨r NukleareEntsorgung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, PO 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany John R. Lawrence National Water ResearchInstitute, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 3H5 Jamie R. Lead Division of Environmental Health andRisk Management,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B152TT, UK Gary G. Leppard National Water ResearchInstitute, 867 LakeshoreRoad, PO Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario, CanadaL7R 4A6 Denis Mavrocordatos (deceased) SwissFederalInstitute forEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,EAWAGUrban Water Management, 133 U¨berlandstrasse, CH-8600Du¨bendorf, Switzerland Thomas R. Neu Departmentof RiverEcology, UFZ Centrefor Environmental ResearchLeipzig-Halle, Bru¨ckstrasse 3a, D-39114Magdeburg, Germany Georg Papastavrou Laboratory of Colloid and Surface Chemistry (LCSC),Department ofInorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry,University of Geneva,SciencesII,30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211Geneva4, Switzerland Didier Perret Section ofChemistry, University of Geneva,30 quai Ernest Ansermet,CH-1211Geneva 4, Switzerland Peter H. Santschi Departments of Marine Sciencesand Oceanography, Laboratory for Oceanographic and Environmental Research,TexasA&M University at Galveston, 5007AvenueU, Galveston, TX 77551, USA Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin GSF–National ResearchCenterfor Environmentand Health, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, MolecularBioGeoanalysis, Ingolsta¨dter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany Frank von der Kammer Institute for Geological Sciences,Environmental Geosciences,Vienna University, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Clemens Walther Institut fu¨r NukleareEntsorgung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, PO 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Kevin J. Wilkinson Departmentof Chemistry, University of Montreal, CP 6128, Succ.centre-Ville, Montreal, Canada, H3C 3J7 Series Preface ThemainpurposeoftheIUPACSeriesonAnalyticalandPhysicalChemistryofEnviron- mental Systems is to make chemists, biologists, physicists and other scientists aware of themostimportantbiophysicochemicalconditionsandprocessesthatdefinethebehaviour of environmental systems. The various volumes of the Series thus emphasise the funda- mental concepts of environmental processes, taking into account specific aspects such as physical and chemical heterogeneity, and interaction with the biota. Another major goal of the series is to discuss the analytical tools that are available, or should be developed, to study these processes. Indeed, there still seems to be a great need for methodology developed specifically for the field of analytical/physical chemistry of the environment. This volume in the series focuses on the nature and properties of aquatic colloids and, in particular, the various recentinstrumental techniques which canbe used for their char- acterisation. It can be seen to follow the first two volumes of the series (Environmental Particles, vols. 1 and 2, 1992–93). It is noteworthy that the techniques of surface, col- loid, polymer and gel characterisation, as well as the related scientific information that the techniques provide, have largely improved over the past 10–15 years. It is thus an opportunemomenttoperformacriticalassessmentoftheircapabilitiesforenvironmental applications. ThisvolumewasrealisedwithintheframeworkoftheactivitiesoftheIUPACDivision of Chemistry and the Environment. We thank IUPAC for its administrative and financial support and assistance with this project. With their help, it was possible to organize a discussion meeting of the full team of chapter authors in Birmingham (U.K.) in 2004 which was an essential step in the preparation and harmonisation of the various chapters in this book. The Series is well received and is growing prosperously. A new volume on the fractal properties of soil particles will be published soon. As with all books in this series, it will present critical reviews reflecting the current state-of-the-art and provide guidelines for future research in the field. Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen Series Editors Preface In spite of decades of research, the precise role of colloids and nanoparticles in environ- mental systems is still poorly understood. For example, in soils and sediments, colloid- facilitatedtransportisawell-known,thoughrarelyquantified,process.Thebioavailability of pollutants is likely to be strongly modified by interactions with colloids, though few studiesareabletodiscriminatebetweenadsorptionandthedirecteffectsofthecolloidon theorganism.Recentindicationssuggestthattheintroductionofengineerednanoparticles into the environment may be cause for concern due to their toxicity and potential ability to influence contaminant and, perhaps, pathogen behaviour. Unfortunately, a majority of research papers describe qualitatively or semi-quantitatively the above phenomena, using parameters such as partition coefficients that cannot be generalised across environmen- tal media. In addition, although it is commonly accepted that the fate of trace elements dependstoa largeextentontheir adsorptionto colloidalphases,valuesof 0–100% bind- ing are typically reported. While such large variations can often be attributed to the trace element that has been examined or the nature of the medium in which it occurred, a large variability is often introduced by the analytical technique used to make the deter- mination and (unfortunately) the experience of the research group. Therefore, this book was written in order to (i) identify some of the common problems still needing study in colloid research (Chapter 1); (ii) summarise our current understanding of environmental colloidsandtheirreactions(Chapters 2and3);and(iii)carefullyandcriticallydescribea numberofimportanttechniquestocharacterisecolloidalphysicalandchemicalproperties (Chapters 4–13). In this volume, the focus has been placed on modern and novel appli- cations of techniques that have not been previously examined in detail or on techniques that have seen vast methodological improvements over the past 10 years. Furthermore, as is often the case for colloidal researchers, the characterisation techniques have been approximately divided into those looking at whole samples (Chapters 4–7) and those examining properties of a given sample fraction (Chapters 8–13). This book is the result of the efforts of a number of authors, collaborators and stu- dents.Itcameaboutfromtheinitiative of ProfessorD.Turner,following hisorganisation of a European research conference on aquatic colloids. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) then provided much of the structure and funding which allowed this project to come to fruition. The role of the Series Editors, Professors H. P. van Leeuwen and J. Buffle is also greatly appreciated. In addition, the Technical Edi- tor, Professor R. M. Town, is acknowledged for her thoroughness and her extremely impressive turnaround times on each of the chapters. Finally, on a tragic note, we must announcethatduringthepreparationofthisbook, twoofouryoungchapterauthorswere lostprematurely.ThecontributionsofJensJunkers(Chapter 6)andDenisMavrocordatos (Chapter 8) to their respective chapters were greatly appreciated. Their future contribu- tionstothecharacterisationofcolloidalsystemsandtoscience,ingeneral,willbegreatly missed. Both were young scientists who succeeded in leaving their mark in the field of
The list of books you might like
