Environmental Catalysis

442 Pages·1994·9.4 MB·English

by  John N. Armor (Eds.)

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In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
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In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 552
Environmental Catalysis
John N. Armor, EDITOR
01 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
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1 Developed from a symposium sponsored
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9 at the 205th National Meeting
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American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1994
In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Environmental catalysis / John N. Armor, editor; developed from a
symposium sponsored by the Catalysis and Surface Science Secretariat
at the 205th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
Denver, Colorado, March 28-April 2, 1993.
p. cm. — (ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 552)
1 Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
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2.f ISBN 0-8412-2851-5
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05 1. Pollution—Congresses. 2. Catalysis—Congresses.
4-
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9 I. Armor, John N., 1944- . II. American Chemical Society.
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k- Catalysis and Surface Science Secretariat. III. American Chemical
b Society. Meeting (205th: 1993: Denver, Colo.) IV. Series.
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10 TD192.3.E58 1994
0. 628.5'01541395—dc20 93-51098
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3, The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National
y 2 Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI
ar Z39.48-1984.
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e Copyright © 1994
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at American Chemical Society
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
1994 Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
Robert J. Alaimo Douglas R. Lloyd
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals The University of Texas at Austin
Mark Arnold Cynthia A. Maryanoff
University of Iowa R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical
Research Institute
1 David Baker
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w0 University of Tennessee Julius J. Menn
2.f Plant Sciences Institute,
55 Arindam Bose U.S. Department of Agriculture
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4- Pfizer Central Research
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9 Roger A. Minear
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bk- Robert F. Brady, Jr. University of Illinois
21/ Naval Research Laboratory at Urbana-Champaign
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1 Margaret A. Cavanaugh Vincent Pecoraro
doi: National Science Foundation University of Michigan
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9 Arthur B. Ellis Marshall Phillips
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3, University of Wisconsin at Madison Delmont Laboratories
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uar Dennis W. Hess George W. Roberts
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e Lehigh University North Carolina State University
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Dat Hiroshi Ito A. Truman Schwartz
on IBM Almaden Research Center Macalaster College
ati
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bli Madeleine M. Joullie John R. Shapley
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P University of Pennsylvania University of Illinois

at Urbana-Champaign
Lawrence P. Klemann
Nabisco Foods Group L. Somasundaram
DuPont
Gretchen S. Kohl
Dow-Corning Corporation Michael D. Taylor
Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research
Bonnie Lawlor
Institute for Scientific Information Peter Willett
University of Sheffield (England)
In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
Foreword
IHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to
provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book
form. The purpose of this series is to publish comprehensive
1 books developed from symposia, which are usually "snapshots
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w0 in time" of the current research being done on a topic, plus
2.f some review material on the topic. For this reason, it is neces
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0 sary that the papers be published as quickly as possible.
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99 Before a symposium-based book is put under contract, the
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k- proposed table of contents is reviewed for appropriateness to
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21/ the topic and for comprehensiveness of the collection. Some
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1 papers are excluded at this point, and others are added to
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oi: 1 round out the scope of the volume. In addition, a draft of each
d paper is peer-reviewed prior to final acceptance or rejection.
94 | This anonymous review process is supervised by the organiz
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3, 1 er^) of the symposium, who become the editor(s) of the book.
y 2 The authors then revise their papers according to the recom
uar mendations of both the reviewers and the editors, prepare
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e camera-ready copy, and submit the final papers to the editors,
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e: who check that all necessary revisions have been made.
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D As a rule, only original research papers and original re
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atio view papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproduc
blic tions of previously published papers are not accepted.
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M. Joan Comstock
Series Editor
In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
Preface
CATALYSIS PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CLEANING OUR AIR and reducing
pollution. Since the late 1960s, when legislation restricting automobile
emissions first passed, catalysis has provided a solution that allows auto
motive companies to meet the regulations. Today, catalytic, selective
reduction of NO continues to offer the best solution for NO* removal in
power plants and utilities, and a variety of catalysts are widely employed
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0 as the method of choice for removing volatile organic compounds. For
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pr many of our current environmental problems, the obvious solutions have
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55 been attempted or the regulations have been made more strict; more
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4- elaborate or creative solutions are needed, and catalysis will continue to
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1 play an important role.
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1/b I considered several definitions of environmental catalysis and elected
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0 to use a broad definition. In the past two years, the term has been used
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0. in journal titles, symposia, proposals, and manuscripts. It refers to a col
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oi: lection of chemical processes that use catalysts to control the emission of
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4 | environmentally unacceptable compounds. The term also encompasses
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9 the application of catalysts for the production of alternative, less polluting
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3, products, waste minimization, and new routes to valuable products
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ary without the production of undesirable pollutants.
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br The book focuses on catalytic solutions to improve our environment.
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e: F Noncatalytic solutions, separation schemes, and unique absorbents can
at also be used to control or eliminate emissions, but these topics were not
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ati ferently than the symposium on which it is based. Specific sections are
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Future Fuels, Control of Volatile Organic Compounds, and Other
Opportunities. Fewer than half of the oral presentations appear as
chapters. In addition, I have provided a short overview of each section.
The subtopics developed along themes that are receiving the greatest
attention in laboratories throughout the world. This emphasis does not
mean that these are the only ideas deserving attention. Indeed, other
topics have not received sufficient attention. One clear example is waste
minimization: Many companies now practice this approach, but few are
discussing their success. The field of environmental catalysis continues to
evolve, so it is difficult to identify all the opportunities.
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In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
Acknowledgments
The symposium on which this book is based was scheduled within the
Catalysis and Surface Science Secretariat with the sponsorship of the
Divisions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Inc.; Colloid and Sur
face Chemistry; and Petroleum Chemistry, Inc. My thanks go to the ses
sion chairs, who worked hard to produce a successful and meaningful
symposium and book. A half-day session on catalysts related to the refor
mation of gasoline was assembled by Richard F. Wormsbecher and
chaired by T. Roberie, both of W.R. Grace and Company. R. McCabe of
Ford Motor Company put together three half-day sessions dealing with
the mechanisms of NO* removal. R. M. Heck and R. Farrauto of
Engelhard Corporation assembled a day-long session on automotive and
1 diesel emission control catalysts. Norman Kaplan of the U.S. Environ
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pr mental Protection Agency generated a day-long session on NO technol
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5 ogy for power plant emissions. Also, S. K. Agarwal and J. Spivey of the
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4- Research Triangle Institute coordinated a day-long session on volatile
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19 organic compound controls.
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b I gratefully acknowledge financial contributions to support the sympo
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2 sium provided by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; Allied Signal, Auto
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0. motive Catalyst Company; Allied Signal, Inc.; Degussa Catalyst Ltd.;
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oi: DuPont; Engelhard Corporation; Exxon Corporation; Ford Motor Com
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4 | pany; Mobil Research & Development Corporation, Petroleum Chemistry
99 Division; Prototech Company/United Catalysts, Inc.; Union Carbide
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3, Chemicals & Plastics Company; and W.R. Grace and Company.
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e: F JOHN N. ARMOR
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In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
Chapter 1
NO Removal: An Overview
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John N. Armor
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., 7201 Hamilton Boulevard,
Allentown, PA 18195
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0 NOx consists primarily of NO andN O2w hich are produced in all combustion processes
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9 by the oxidation of N2 and fuel bound nitrogen.N O2i s linked to causing bronchitis,
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1/ also contributes to acid rain, urban smog, and ozone (1). Figure 1 illustrates the
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10 various chemical transformations of NO in our atmosphere that lead to air pollution
10. problems (2). Note that NO is the key starting point for all of the other oxides of
oi: nitrogen. NO is not only produced by the burning of fossil fuels, but also by lightning,
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19 NO is rapidly oxidized by ozone, OH, orH O2r adicals (3) to form the higher oxides of
3, nitrogen, such as NO2, HNO2, and HO2NO2. Thus, if NO is prevented from entering
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ary the atmosphere, most of the downstream effects of NOx pollution can be eliminated.
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br There are a number of commercial approaches to NOx removal which include
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F absorptive, thermal, and catalytic. Since the 1960's a great deal of work was
ate: accomplished to control NOx emissions. For automotive exhausts, the current three-
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NOx which must be treated. The thorough review in 1988 by Bosch and Janssen is an
excellent source for further details (4). Alternatively one can try to minimize NOx
formation with novel burner designs.
Among the catalytic approaches to NOx emissionf romp ower plants, SCR
(Selective Catalytic Reduction) is growing in application. SCR uses a catalyst to
facilitate reactions between NOx and NH3 in the presence of oxygen. There are a
number of variants of this technology depending on the supplier. First generation
plants were built in Japan and newer facilities in Germany and Austria. The Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990 will likely prompt more widespread use of SCR in the USA.
Standards for NOx emission vary with the fuel and the type of utility.
0097-6156/94/0552-0002$08.00/0
© 1994 American Chemical Society
In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.
UPPER TROPOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE mission
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Publication Date: February 23, 1994 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1994-0552.ch001 OZONE LAYER o3 7—\ STRATOSOZONE t LONG RANGE TRANSPORT DEPLETION PAN • A GREENHOUSE^ EFFECTS v. NITRIC/ ATMOSPHERIC NO, N0 + K0 NITROUS ACID 22 DEPOSITION o DRY WET _1 • • • • -0-TRANSPORT POWER MICROBI\Z55C/ AIACIDIFICATION STATIONS/ ACTIVITY ii 5IAIIUHV AL.IIVIIT T 4 | INDUSTRY \ _J GROUND GROUNDWATER LEACHING FOSSIL FUELS 1. Cycling of nitrogen in the environment. (Reproduced with erence 2. Copyright 1992 Noyes Data Corporation.)
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In Environmental Catalysis; Armor, J.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.