Environmental Biotechnology

989 Pages·2010·21.04 MB·English

by  Volodymyr Ivanov PhD

Environmental Biotechnology
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7645
VOLUME 10
HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental
Biotechnology
Edited by
Lawrence K. Wang, , ,
PhD PE DEE
LenoxInstituteofWaterTechnology,Lenox,MA
KroftaEngineeringCorporation,Lenox,MA
ZorexCorporation,Newtonville,NY
Volodymyr Ivanov,
PhD
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore
Joo-Hwa Tay, ,
PhD PE
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, , ,
PhD PE DEE
ClevelandStateUniversity,Cleveland,OH
Editors
Dr.LawrenceK.Wang
LenoxInstituteofWaterTechnology,Lenox,MA,USA
KroftaEngineeringCorporation,Lenox,MA,USA
ZorexCorporation,Newtonville,NY,USA
[email protected]
[email protected]
Dr.VolodymyrIvanov
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
SchoolofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering
Singapore
[email protected]
Dr.Joo-HwaTay
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
SchoolofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering
Singapore
[email protected]
Dr.Yung-TseHung
ClevelandStateUniversity
Cleveland,OH,USA
[email protected]
ISBN:978-1-58829-166-0 e-ISBN:978-1-60327-140-0
DOI:10.1007/978-1-60327-140-0
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009941061
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010
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Dedications
The Editors of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series dedicate this volume
tolate Thomas L.Lanigan (1938–2006), the founder and former president ofHumana Press,
whoencouragedandvigorouslysupportedtheeditorsandmanycontributorsaroundtheworld
toembarkonthisambitious,life-longhandbookproject(1978topresent)forthesolepurpose
ofprotecting ourenvironment, inturn,benefiting ourentiremankind.
TheEditorsofthisHandbook seriesalsowouldliketodedicate thisvolumetoDr.JaoFan
Kao (1923–2008) of National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. Dr.
Kao was the founder and former Professor of the University’s Department of Environmental
Engineering. Heeducated over1,500environmental andcivilengineers toservetheplanetof
earth.BothDr.LawrenceK.Wang,ChiefEditor,andDr.Yung-TseHung,Co-editor,wereDr.
Kao’sstudents atNationalChengKungUniversity.
v
Preface
The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive
actionsbetakentorestoreandprotecttheenvironmentfromthedegradingeffectsofallforms
ofpollution –air,water, soil,andnoise. Sincepollution isadirectorindirect consequence of
waste production, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as
an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can
only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it toa less noxious form. Three
majorquestions usuallyarisewhenaparticulartypeofpollutionhasbeenidentified:(1)How
serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of
abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? This book is one of the volumes of the
Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to
helpreadersformulate answerstothelasttwoquestions above.
Thetraditionalapproachofapplyingtried-and-truesolutionstospecificpollutionproblems
has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has
accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.”
However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current
environmental problemsrendersitimperativethatintelligent planningofpollution abatement
systemsbeundertaken. Prerequisite tosuchplanningisanunderstanding oftheperformance,
potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution abatement available for envi-
ronmental scientists and engineers. In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial
levelabroadspectrumofengineering systems(processes, operations, andmethods)currently
being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified
interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of
environmental engineering.
Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering
formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories
of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental sci-
ence recognizes that engineering practice has in recent years become more firmly based
on scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of
facts. It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the
most economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental
scientificanalysis, andintheseinstances wehaveresortedtolessscienceinfavorofmoreart
andempiricism.
Sinceanenvironmentalengineermustunderstandsciencewithinthecontextofapplication,
we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by
exposition ofthepertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations oftheir
applications toenvironmental quality control orremediation. Throughout theseries, methods
of practical design and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples
clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear
solutions. Whereverpossible, pertinent costdatahavebeenprovided.
vii
viii Preface
Our treatment of pollution-abatement engineering is offered in the belief that the trained
engineershouldmorefirmlyunderstandfundamentalprinciples,bemoreawareofthesimilar-
itiesand/ordifferencesamongmanyoftheengineeringsystems,andexhibitgreaterflexibility
andoriginality inthedefinition andinnovative solution ofenvironmental pollution problems.
In short, the environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily
adaptable tochangeandprogress.
Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an
expertise that could only be provided through multiple authorships. Each author (or group
ofauthors)waspermittedtoemploy,withinreasonablelimits,thecustomarypersonalstylein
organizing andpresenting aparticular subject area; consequently, ithasbeen difficulttotreat
allsubjectmaterialinahomogeneous manner.Moreover,owingtolimitationsofspace,some
of the authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less important
topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly. All authors have provided an
excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit ofinterested readers. As
eachchapter ismeanttobeself-contained, somemildrepetition amongthevarious textswas
unavoidable. Ineachcase,allomissionsorrepetitions aretheresponsibility oftheeditorsand
not the individual authors. With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a
consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors have used the
British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. The
editors sincerely hope that this duplicity of units’ usage will prove to be useful rather than
beingdisruptivetothereaders.
The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire
environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and
resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes,
biosolidsmanagement,waterresources, naturalcontrolprocesses, radioactivewastedisposal,
and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental
pollution controlsinceair,water,soil,andenergy areallinterrelated.
As can be seen from the above handbook coverage, no consideration is given to pollution
by the type ofindustry, or tothe abatement of specific pollutants. Rather, theorganization of
the handbook series has been based on the three basic forms in which pollutants and waste
are manifested: gas, solid, and liquid. In addition, noise pollution control is included in the
handbook series.
Thisparticularbook,Vol.10,EnvironmentalBiotechnology,mainlydealswiththeoriesand
principles ofbiotechnologies, and is a sister book to Vol. 11, Environmental Bioengineering,
which mainly deals with environmental applications of microbiological processes and tech-
nologies.
Specifically this book, Vol. 10, Environmental Biotechnology, introduces the mechanisms
of environmental biotechnology processes, different microbiological classifications useful
for environmental engineers, microbiology, metabolism, and microbial ecology of natural
and environmental engineering systems, microbial ecology and bioengineering of isolated
life support systems, classification and design of solid-state processes and reactors, value-
added biotechnological products from organic wastes, design of anaerobic suspended bio-
processes and reactors, selection and design ofmembrane bioreactors, natural environmental
Preface ix
biotechnologies systems, aerobic andanoxic suspended-growth systems, aerobic andanaero-
bicattached-growth systems,andsequencing batchreactors.
This book’s sister book, Environmental Bioengineering, Vol. 11, however, introduces var-
ious environmental applications, such as land disposal of biosolids, heavy metal removal by
crops, pretreatment of sludge for sludge digestion, biotreatment of sludge, fermentaion of
kitchen garbage, phytoremediation for sludge treatment, phyotoremediation for heavy metal
removal from contaminated soils, vetiver grass bioremediatioon, wetland treatment, biosorp-
tion of heavy metals, rotating biological contactors (RBC) for carbon and nitrogen removal,
anaerobic biofilm reactor, biological phosphorus removal, black and grey water treatment,
milkwastewatertreatment,tomatowastewatertreatment,gelatineandanimalglueproduction
from skin wastes, fungal biomass protein production, algae harvest energy conversion, and
livingmachineforwastewatertreatment.
Both books together (Vols. 10 and 11) have been designed to serve as comprehensive
biotechnology textbooks as well as wide-ranging reference books. We hope and expect they
willproveofequalhighvaluetoadvanced undergraduate andgraduate students, todesigners
of water and wastewater treatment systems, and to scientists and researchers. The editors
welcomecommentsfromreadersinallofthesecategories.
Theeditorsarepleasedtoacknowledgetheencouragementandsupportreceivedfromtheir
colleagues and thepublisher during theconceptual stages ofthisendeavor. Wewishtothank
the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews
andnumerousqueriesandcomments.Weareverygratefultoourrespectivefamiliesfortheir
patience andunderstanding during somerathertryingtimes.
LawrenceK.Wang,Lenox,Massachusetts
VolodymyrIvanov,Singapore
TayJooHwa,Singapore
Yung-TseHung,Cleveland,Ohio
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................................... vii
Contributors.............................................................................................................................xxiii
1. ApplicationsofEnvironmentalBiotechnology
VolodymyrIvanovandYung-TseHung............................................................................ 1
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. ComparisonofBiotechnologicalTreatmentandOtherMethods........................................................................................ 3
3. AerobicTreatmentofWastes................................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1. AerobicTreatmentofSolidWastes............................................................................................................................... 4
3.2. AerobicTreatmentofLiquidWastes............................................................................................................................ 6
3.3. AerobicTreatmentofGaseousWastes......................................................................................................................... 6
4. AnaerobicTreatmentofWastes............................................................................................................................................. 7
5. TreatmentofHeavyMetals-ContainingWastes................................................................................................................... 9
6. EnhancementofBiotechnologicalTreatmentofWastes..................................................................................................... 10
7. Biosensors............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
References.................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
2. MicrobiologyofEnvironmentalEngineeringSystems
VolodymyrIvanov............................................................................................................... 19
1. MicrobialGroupsandTheirQuantification.......................................................................................................................... 20
1.1. GroupsofMicroorganisms............................................................................................................................................ 21
1.2. MicrobiologicalMethodsUsedinEnvironmentalEngineering.................................................................................. 24
1.3. ComparisonofPhysical,Chemical,Physico-chemicalandMicrobiologicalProcesses........................................... 28
2. MicrobialEcosystems............................................................................................................................................................ 29
2.1. StructureofEcosystems................................................................................................................................................. 29
2.2. InteractionsinMicrobialEcosystems........................................................................................................................... 32
3. MicrobialGrowthandDeath................................................................................................................................................. 38
3.1. NutrientsandMedia....................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.2. GrowthofIndividualCells............................................................................................................................................ 40
3.3. GrowthofPopulation..................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.4. EffectofEnvironmentonGrowthandMicrobialActivities....................................................................................... 43
3.5. DeathofMicroorganisms.............................................................................................................................................. 45
4. DiversityOfMicroorganisms................................................................................................................................................ 49
4.1. PhysiologicalGroupsofMicroorganisms.................................................................................................................... 49
4.2. PhylogeneticGroupsofProkaryotes............................................................................................................................. 50
4.3. ConnectionBetweenPhylogeneticGroupingandG+CContent
ofChromosomalDNA................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.4. ComparisonofrRNA-BasedPhylogeneticClassification
andConventionalPhenotypicTaxonomy..................................................................................................................... 54
4.5. PeriodicTableofProkaryotes........................................................................................................................................ 60
5. FunctionsofMicrobialGroupsinEnvironmentalEngineeringSystems........................................................................... 63
5.1. FunctionsofAnaerobicProkaryotes............................................................................................................................. 63
5.2. FunctionsofAnaerobicRespiringProkaryotes............................................................................................................ 65
5.3. FunctionsofFacultativeAnaerobicandMicroaerophilicProkaryotes...................................................................... 68
5.4. FunctionsofAerobicProkaryotes................................................................................................................................. 71
5.5. FunctionsofEukaryoticMicroorganisms..................................................................................................................... 77
References.................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
xi
xii Contents
3. MicrobialSystematics
AharonOren....................................................................................................................... 81
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... 82
2. Systematics,Taxonomy,andNomenclatureofProkaryotes.............................................................................................. 83
2.1. GeneralDefinitions.................................................................................................................................................... 83
2.2. TheDefinitionoftheProkaryoteSpecies................................................................................................................. 84
2.3. TheNumberofProkaryotesthatHaveBeenDescribed.......................................................................................... 87
3. ClassificationofProkaryotes............................................................................................................................................... 88
3.1. GenotypicPropertiesUsedinProkaryoteClassification......................................................................................... 90
3.2. PhenotypicPropertiesUsedinProkaryoteClassification....................................................................................... 92
3.3. ThePolyphasicApproachTowardProkaryoteClassification................................................................................. 94
4. NamingofProkaryotes........................................................................................................................................................ 95
4.1. TheBinomialSystemofNamingProkaryotes......................................................................................................... 95
4.2. TheBacteriologicalCode.......................................................................................................................................... 96
4.3. TheInternationalCommitteeonSystematicsofProkaryotes................................................................................. 96
4.4. TheInternationalJournalofSystematicandEvolutionaryMicrobiology............................................................. 97
4.5. InformationonNomenclatureofProkaryotesontheInternet................................................................................ 97
5. CultureCollectionsofProkaryotesandTheirImportanceinTaxonomyandIdentification........................................... 98
6. Small-SubunitrRNA-BasedClassificationofProkaryotes............................................................................................... 98
6.1. 16SrRNAasaPhylogeneticMarker........................................................................................................................ 99
6.2. TheDifferencesBetweenBacteriaandArchaea......................................................................................................106
6.3. AnOverviewoftheBacteria.....................................................................................................................................109
6.4. AnOverviewoftheArchaea.....................................................................................................................................110
7. SourcesofInformationonProkaryoteSystematics...........................................................................................................111
7.1. Bergey’sManualofSystematicBacteriology..........................................................................................................111
7.2. TheProkaryotes.........................................................................................................................................................111
8. IdentificationofProkaryoteIsolates...................................................................................................................................112
9. TheNumberofDifferentSpeciesofProkaryotesinNature..............................................................................................114
10. Conclusions...........................................................................................................................................................................116
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................117
References....................................................................................................................................................................................117
4. MicrobialEcology
NicolaiS.Panikov...............................................................................................................121
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................121
2. TheMajorTerms,Principles,andConceptsofGeneralandMicrobialEcology.............................................................123
2.1. FromMoleculetoBiosphere:TheHierarchyofOrganizationalLevelsinBiology..............................................123
2.2. TheEcosystemConcept............................................................................................................................................125
2.3. EnvironmentalFactors...............................................................................................................................................132
2.4. PopulationDynamics,SuccessionandLifeStrategyConcept...............................................................................134
3. MethodsofMicrobialEcology............................................................................................................................................147
3.1. NaturalMicrobialPopulationsand“LaboratoryArtifacts”....................................................................................148
3.2. “GreatPlateCountAnomaly”...................................................................................................................................149
3.3. EstimationoftheMicrobialNumbersandBiomassinSoilsandWater................................................................151
3.4. EstimatingMicrobialGrowthRatesInSitu.............................................................................................................153
4. DiversityofMicrobialHabitatsinNature..........................................................................................................................158
4.1. TermsandGeneralPrinciples(HowtoClassifyHabitats)......................................................................................158
4.2. Atmosphere.................................................................................................................................................................160
4.3. AquaticEcosystems...................................................................................................................................................162
4.4. TerrestrialEcosystems...............................................................................................................................................170
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................177
Glossary........................................................................................................................................................................................178
References....................................................................................................................................................................................188