Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya PDF
Preview Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya
Hamdi A. Zurqani Editor Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya Hamdi A. Zurqani Editor Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya Editor HamdiA.Zurqani UniversityofArkansasAgricultural ExperimentStation,ArkansasForest ResourcesCenter,CollegeofForestry, AgricultureandNaturalResources UniversityofArkansasatMonticello Monticello,AR,USA ISBN978-3-030-97809-9 ISBN978-3-030-97810-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97810-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) technologies are well- established tools and have always generated informative data that have led to sustainable management. This book focuses on how remote sensing and GIS are usedtogeneratedataandhowthisinformationcanbeusedinthedecision-making processtoachievesustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesinLibya.Thetotal landareaofLibyaisabout180millionhectares,withapopulationofabout6million, and it is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Libya's climate is dominantlyinfluencedbyboththeMediterraneanSeainthenorthernregionsandthe desertinthesouthernregions.Withtheincreasingpressureonnaturalresourcesdue tothegrowingpopulation,remotesensingandGIScanbeveryusefulintheanalysis anddeterminationoffactorsthataffecttheutilizationoftheselimitedresourcesinan efficientandeffectivemanner.Thus,byunderstandingthesefactors,sounddecisions canbearrivedatthatwillensurethesustainableuseofnaturalresourcestomeetthe needs of both present and future generations. This book aims to provide adequate informationabouttheuseofremotesensingandGISapplicationsinthecountry.The book is comprised of 12 chapters written by distinguished scientists mainly from Libya and other countries who are interested in the Libyan environment. Chapter one “Introduction to Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GISinLibya”introducesthebook,EnvironmentalApplicationsofRemoteSensing and GIS in Libya, and summarizes all the chapters presented in it. The second chapter “Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Cover/Land Use Mapping And Change Detection Using Google Earth Engine Platform: A Case Study in Northwestern Libya” presents the use of Google Earth Engine and the publicarchivedatabaseinitsplatformforcontinuousmonitoringofthespatialand temporalchangeofthelandcoverthatoccursasaconsequenceoflandusechangein northwestern Libya. Chapter three “Evaluation of Selected Vegetation Indices to Assess Rangeland Vegetation in Eastern Libya” evaluates a range of vegetation indices derived from satellite imagery to identify those approaches best applicable for remotely assessing and monitoring vegetation cover in the semi-arid and arid rangelands in the country. Chapter four “Spatiotemporal Analysis of Vegetation v vi Preface HealthIndex(VHI)andDroughtPatternsinLibyaBasedonRemoteSensingTime Series” presents a spatiotemporal analysis of Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and drought patterns in Libya based on remote sensing time series. The fifth chapter (IntegrationofRemotelySensedDataandMachineLearningTechniqueforSpatial PredictionofSelectedSoilPropertiesinNorthwesternLibya)discussestheintegra- tionofremotelysenseddataandmachinelearningtechniquesforspatialprediction of selected soil properties in northwestern Libya. Additionally, Chapter six “Field andLaboratoryEstimationofSoilErodibility,ErosionandDegradationoftheSemi- Arid Aljabal Alkhdar Region, Libya” discusses field and laboratory estimation of soilerodibility,erosion,anddegradationofthesemi-aridAl-JabalAl-Akhdarregion of the country. Moreover, Chapter seven “DRAINMOD Applications to Design Drainage Systems in Libya Using Soil Salinity Data Predicted by GIS, Remote SensingandArtificialNeuralNetworks”employsartificialneuralnetworks(ANNs) todevelopsoilsalinitypredictionmapstomonitortheinitialandsimulatedsalinity underdrainedandundrainedconditions.Chaptereight“SurfaceWaterPotentialand SuitableSitesIdentificationforRWHintheSemi-AridandAridWatershedofWadi Sammalus, Northeast Libya Using GIS and Remote Sensing Approach” discusses the use of remote sensing and GIS approaches in assessing the potential surface water and identifying potential rainwater harvesting (RWH) sites, which are both criticaltasksforeffectivewaterresourcemanagement.Theninthchapter(Stepwise Approach for Morphometric Modeling of Wadi Zamzam Watershed in North- WesternLibyaUsingGISandRemoteSensingTechniques)illustratesastep-by-step approach to delineate the spatial boundaries of the Wadi Zamzam watershed in Libya and establish a geographical database of its morphometric, geological, and climatic characteristics by using global information systems and remote sensing techniques based on the digital elevation model, the geological map of Libya, and climatic data. Chapter ten “Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the 2019 Flood DisasterExtentandImpactintheCityofGhatinSouthwesternLibyaUsingGoogle Earth Engine and Deep Learning Technique” demonstrates the development of a framework to identify flood-affected areas after storm impact and map the flooded areascausedbytheheavyrainfallandthunderstorminthesouthwesternregionofthe country. Chapter eleven “Oil Pollution Monitoring and Detection Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study from Libya” provides a high-level overview of the characteristics and extent of produced oil lakes, which can be utilizedtoperformfurtherin-depthresearchinthefuturetoenhancetheextentand volume of even more oil damage assessment. The final chapter (Chapter twelve) “Conclusions and Recommendations for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS inLibya” summarizes the key research findings inrelationto the research aims, questions, and discussions for each chapter of the book, and also providesrecommendationsforfutureresearchintheareaofenvironmentalapplica- tionsofremotesensingandGISinLibya.Thisbookhasvaluablecontributionsfrom many distinguished scientists from various universities and institutions in and outsideofLibya. Monticello,AR,USA HamdiA.Zurqani Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge Margaret Deignan, senior series editor in chief of SpringerNature,andallthestaffofSpringerthatkindlyassistedusinourmultiple queriesduringtheelaborationofthisbook.Specialthanksarealsoduetothemany reviewers who shall remain anonymous, but who spent hours reading, reviewing, andprovidingvaluablefeedbacktotheauthors.Iwouldalsoliketothankallauthors who contributed to this book and whose cooperation made my task as an editor a pleasure. Monticello,AR,USA,May2022 HamdiA.Zurqani UniversityofArkansasAgricultural ExperimentStation,ArkansasForest ResourcesCenter,Universityof ArkansasatMonticello,Monticello, AR,USA vii About This Book Thisisthefirstbookontheenvironmentalapplicationsofremotesensing(RS)and geographical information systems (GIS) in Libya published in English. The envi- ronmentalapplicationsincludemonitoringandmappingsoilsalinityandprediction ofsoilproperties,monitoringandmappingoflanddegradation,spatiotemporalland cover/landcover,agriculturalandmeteorologicaldroughtmonitoring,hydrological applications such as spatial rainfall distribution, surface runoff, geo-morphometric analysis,hydrologicandhydraulicmodeling,floodhazardmappingandassessment, pollution hazard assessment, and climate-related geophysical processes. This book alsoassessestheimpactsofclimatechangeonnaturalresourcesusingbothRSand GIS,aswellasotherapplications,coveringdifferentpartsofLibya.Theinformation presented in the chapters of the book includes a collection of maps extracted from remotelysensed imageryandothergeospatial datasets, aswell astables andstatis- ticalrelationsderivedfromthefindingsofthestudiesconductedindifferentpartsof thecountry.ThebookiswrittenbydistinguishedscientistsmainlyfromLibyaand othercountrieswhoareinterestedintheLibyanenvironment.Thebookistherefore a useful source of information and knowledge on the Libyan environment for graduate students, researchers, policy planners, and stakeholders in Libya as well assimilarregions. ix Contents IntroductiontoEnvironmentalApplicationsofRemoteSensing andGISinLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HamdiA.Zurqani ApplicationofRemoteSensingandGISinLandCover/LandUse MappingandChangeDetectionUsingGoogleEarthEngine Platform:ACaseStudyinNorthwesternLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 HamdiA.Zurqani,AbdulsalamAl-Bukhari,andMahmoodB.Shanta EvaluationofSelectedVegetationIndicestoAssessRangeland VegetationinEasternLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 AbdulsalamAl-Bukhari,TimBrewer,andStephenHallett SpatiotemporalAnalysisofVegetationHealthIndex(VHI) andDroughtPatternsinLibyaBasedonRemote SensingTimeSeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 KhalidI.ElfadliandHamdiA.Zurqani IntegrationofRemotelySensedDataandMachineLearning TechniqueforSpatialPredictionofSelectedSoilProperties inNorthwesternLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 HamdiA.Zurqani FieldandLaboratoryEstimationofSoilErodibility,Erosion andDegradationoftheSemi-AridAljabalAlakhdarRegion,Libya. . . . 97 MuradM.Aburas,AsamaS.Alferjani,andMohammedS.Yousef DRAINMODApplicationstoDesignDrainageSystemsinLibya UsingSoilSalinityDataPredictedbyGIS,RemoteSensing andArtificialNeuralNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 MuradEllafi,HamdiA.Zurqani,LyndaK.Deeks,andRobertW.Simmons xi xii Contents SurfaceWaterPotentialandSuitableSitesIdentification forRWHintheSemi-AridandAridWatershedofWadi Sammalus,NortheastLibyaUsingGISandRemote SensingApproach. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 145 SalahHamadandNilanchalPatel StepwiseApproachforMorphometricModelingofWadi ZamzamWatershedinNorth-WesternLibyaUsingGIS andRemoteSensingTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 AliM.Salim,IbtisamA.Albira,andSafaA.Ebsheer GeospatialMappingandAnalysisofthe2019FloodDisaster ExtentandImpactintheCityofGhatinSouthwesternLibya UsingGoogleEarthEngineandDeepLearningTechnique. . . . . . . . . . 205 HamdiA.Zurqani,AbdulsalamAl-Bukhari,AlsaketO.Aldaikh, KhalidI.Elfadli,andAliA.Bataw OilPollutionMonitoringandDetectionUsingGIS andRemoteSensingTechniques:ACaseStudyfromLibya. . . . . . . . . . 227 KhalifaAbdunaser ConclusionsandRecommendationsforEnvironmental ApplicationsofRemoteSensingandGISinLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 HamdiA.Zurqani
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