Environmental and Human Security in the Arctic

312 Pages·2013·1.63 MB·English

by  Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv

Environmental and Human Security
in the Arctic
This is the first comprehensive exploration of why human security is relevant to the
Arctic and what achieving it can mean.
Change in the Arctic is occurring at an unprecedented rate, placing an immense
strain on the many factors that contribute to human well-being and security, such as
the health of the environment, identity of peoples, supply of traditional foods, com-
munity health, economic opportunities and political stability.
The traditional definition of security has already been actively employed in the
Arctic region for decades, particularly in relation to natural resource sovereignty
issues, but how and why should the human aspect be introduced? What can this
region teach us about human security in the wider world?
The book reviews the potential threats to security, putting them in an analytical
framework.
Contributions come from natural, social and humanities scientists, hailing from
Canada, Russia, USA, Finland and Norway.
Environmental and Human Security in the Arctic is an essential resource for policy-
makers, community groups, researchers and students working in the field of human
security, particularly for those in the Arctic regions.
Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv is Associate Professor in International Relations at the
University of Tromsø, Norway.
Dawn R. Bazely is Professor in Biology and Director of the Institute for Research
and Innovation in Sustainability at York University, Canada.
Marina Goloviznina is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Tromsø in the
Department of Sociology, Political Science and Community Planning.
Andrew J. Tanentzap is a Banting Fellow at York University in the Department
of Biology.
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Environmental and Human
Security in the Arctic
Edited by Gunhild Hoogensen
Gjørv, Dawn R. Bazely, Marina
Goloviznina and Andrew J.
Tanentzap
First edition published 2014
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2014 Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv, Dawn R. Bazely, Marina Goloviznina and
Andrew J. Tanentzap, selection and editorial material; individual chapters, the
contributors
The rights of Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv, Dawn R. Bazely, Marina Goloviznina
and Andrew J. Tanentzap to be identified as authors of the editorial material,
and of the individual authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
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on the purchasing institution to photocopy pages which bear the photocopy
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Environmental and human security in the Arctic / edited by Gunhild Hoogensen
Gjørv, Dawn Bazely, Marina Goloviznina, Andrew Tanentzap.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Environmental policy--Arctic regions. 2. Human security--Arctic regions. 3.
Arctic regions--Environmental conditions. 4. Global environmental change--
Arctic regions. 5. Environmental degradation--Arctic regions. 6. Arctic peoples.
7. Human ecology--Arctic regions. I. Hoogensen Gjørv, Gunhild, 1966- author,
editor of compilation.
GE190.A75E68 2013
304.20911’3--dc23
2013018315
ISBN13: 978-1-84407-549-2 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-1-315-88538-4 (ebk)
Typeset in Garamond
by GreenGate Publishing Services, Tonbridge, Kent
Contents
List of illustrations viii
List of contributors ix
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Introduction: can we broaden our understanding of
security in the Arctic? 1
GUNHILD HOOGENSEN GJØRV AND MARINA GOLOVIZNINA
PART I
Differing conceptions of security in the Arctic 15
2 Cold War legacies in Russia’s Svalbard policy 17
KRISTIAN ÅTLAND AND TORBJØRN PEDERSEN
3 A new northern security: environmental degradation and
risks, climate change, energy security, trans-nationalism
and flows of globalization and governance 37
LASSI HEININEN
4 Virtuous imperialism or a shared global objective? The relevance
of human security in the global North 58
GUNHILD HOOGENSEN GJØRV
vi Contents
PART II
Environmental security 81
5 The sustainability transition: governing coupled human/
natural systems 83
ORAN R. YOUNG
6 Arctic environmental security and abrupt climate change 98
CHAD MICHAEL BRIGGS
7 Climate change impacts, adaptation, and the technology
interface 113
DAVID MALCOLM
8 Bridging the GAPS between ecology and human security 129
DAWN R. BAZELY, JULIA CHRISTENSEN, ANDREW J. TANENTZAP AND
GUNHILD HOOGENSEN GJØRV
PART III
Health security 151
9 Telemedicine as a tool for improving human security 153
LINE LINSTAD
10 Health and human security: communicable diseases in the
post-Soviet Arctic 163
LARS ROWE, ELANA WILSON ROWE AND GEIR HØNNELAND
PART IV
Human security: women and indigenous groups 185
11 Aboriginal self-determination and resource development
activity: improving human security in the Canadian Arctic? 187
GABRIELLE SLOWEY
12 Women’s participation in decision making: human security
in the Canadian Arctic 203
STEPHANIE IRLBACHER-FOX, JACKIE PRICE AND ELANA WILSON ROWE
Contents vii
13 Human security and women’s security reality in
Northwest Russia 231
KIRSTI STUVØY
14 The political exclusion and commodification of women 250
MARIA LVOVA
15 Conclusion: revisiting Arctic security 269
MARINA GOLOVIZNINA AND GUNHILD HOOGENSEN GJØRV
Index 275
Illustrations
Figures
2.1 The European Arctic 17
8.1 Population change over time 132
8.2 Past human population size over time 132
8.3 The food web described by Summerhayes and Elton for
Bear Island, Norway, in 1923 133
8.4 Diagrams illustrating an ecosystem shifting from one state
(i.e. valley) to another 134
Table
2.1 A ‘Copenhagen School’ perspective on Russia’s Svalbard policy 32
Contributors
Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv is Associate Professor in political science at the
University of Tromsø, specializing in security theory and politics, civil–
military interaction and international relations theory. She has been the
International Principal Investigator and lead in the International Polar Year
Project ‘GAPS’ (The Impacts of Oil and Gas Activities on Peoples of the
Arctic Using a Multiple Securities Perspective), which examines multiple
understandings of security in the Arctic region, particularly in Norway,
Canada and Russia, cooperating with such institutions as the Norwegian
Polar Institute, the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Division), York
University (Canada) and the University of Cambridge (UK). She has been
increasingly focusing upon the relationships between health, economic and
environmental security.
Dawn R. Bazely is Professor of Biology at York University, Toronto, and
has been Director of IRIS, the university’s Institute for Research and
Innovation in Sustainability, since 2006. Trained in the ecological field of
plant–animal interactions at the universities of Toronto and Oxford, she
has carried out extensive field research in grasslands and forests, from tem-
perate to Arctic regions. She led the Canadian section of the International
Polar Year project, ‘GAPS’, and recently spent her sabbatical as a Charles
Bullard Fellow at Harvard Forest, Harvard University.
Marina Goloviznina received her PhD in Sociology from the European
University at Saint Petersburg (Russia) in 2005. She has conducted
research and written on governance of security in crime control. She
also worked as a research consultant for Penal Reform International,
DanChurchAid and with various non-government and human rights
organizations in the North-West of Russia. In 2011, she joined the IPY
GAPS project team and has focused her studies on the linkages of oil,
gas and health impacts in the Komi Republic. She works as a post-doc-
toral fellow at the University of Tromsø in the Department of Sociology,
Political Science and Community Planning.