Environmental and Architectural Acoustics

371 Pages·2010·24.302 MB·\371

by  Z. Maekawa (Author), Jens Rindel (Author), P. Lord (Author)

Environmental and Architectural
Acoustics
Second edition
This revised new edition of a classic guide adopts a multi-disciplinary
approachtothechallengeofcreatinganacceptableacousticenvironment.It
drawsonthesamebasicprinciplestocoverbothoutdoorandindoorspace.
Starting with the fundamentals of sound waves and hearing, it goes on to
themeasurementofnoiseandvibration,roomacoustics,soundabsorption,
airborne sound insulation and noise and vibration control. Each chapter
finisheswithusefulproblem-solvingexercisestoassistcomprehension.The
strong focus on techniques, and methods and standards, and with its lead
into further more specialised material, makes this book highly useful for
advancedstudentsandprofessionalengineers.
The new updated coverage of international standards makes this book
even more useful. It also serves as a foundation reference for students of
architecture and environmental engineering, including those new to the
studyofacoustics.
Z.MaekawaisProfessorEmeritusattheEnvironmentalAcousticsLabora-
toryinOsaka,Japan.HeisaformerVice-PresidentofINCE/Japanandpast
memberoftheInternationalCommissiononAcoustics.
J.H.RindelisformerProfessorattheTechnicalUniversityofDenmarkand
ManagingDirectorofOdeonRoomAcousticsSoftware,Denmark.
P.LordisformerProfessorattheUniversityofSalford,UK.
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Environmental and
Architectural Acoustics
Second edition
Z. Maekawa, J. H. Rindel and P. Lord
Firsteditionpublished1993byE&FNSpon
Reprinted1997
Thiseditionpublished2011bySponPress
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
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business
(cid:2)c 1993,1997Z.MaekawaandP.Lord
(cid:2)c 2011Z.Maekawa,J.H.RindelandP.Lord
TherightsofZ.Maekawa,J.H.RindelandP.Lordtobeidentified
astheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordance
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
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LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Maekawa,Z.
Environmentalandarchitecturalacoustics/Z.Maekawa,
J.H.Rindel,andP.Lord.--2nded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Soundproofing.2.Vibration.3.Architecturalacoustics.I.Rindel,
J.H.(JensHolger)II.Lord,P.(Peter)III.Title.
TH1725.M342011
693.8(cid:3)34--dc22
2010011589
ISBN 0-203-93135-1 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13:978-0-415-44900-7(hbk)
ISBN13:978-0-203-93135-6(ebk)
Contents
Preface ix
1 Fundamentalsofsoundwavesandhearing 1
1.1 Soundwaves 1
1.2 Speedofsound 3
1.3 Impedance 4
1.4 Soundintensityandlevel 6
1.5 Reflection,absorptionandtransmission 10
1.6 Interference,beatsandstandingwaves 14
1.7 Reverberation 16
1.8 Loudnessandloudnesslevelofsound 17
1.9 Auditorysensationarea 19
1.10 Pitchandtone 20
1.11 Auditorymasking 23
1.12 Binauraleffectsandsoundlocalisation 24
1.13 Natureofspeech 25
1.14 Intelligibilityofspeech 27
Problems1 29
2 Noiseandvibrationmeasurementandrating 30
2.1 Measurementofsoundandnoise 30
2.2 Noiserating(Lit.B24) 38
2.3 Measurementofvibration 47
2.4 Vibrationpollutionanditsdistribution 51
2.5 Infrasoundandlow-frequencynoise 52
Problems2 53
3 Roomacoustics 55
3.1 Soundfieldinaroom 55
3.2 Normalmodeofvibrationinrooms 56
vi Contents
3.3 Reverberationtime 64
3.4 Soundenergydistributioninrooms 72
3.5 Echoesandothersingularphenomena 75
3.6 Measurementandevaluationofroomacoustics 76
Problems3 99
4 Soundabsorption:materialsandconstruction 100
4.1 Typesofsoundabsorptionmechanisms 100
4.2 Measurementofabsorptioncoefficientandacoustic
impedance 101
4.3 Characteristicsofporoussoundabsorbers 112
4.4 Characteristicsofpanel/membrane-typeabsorbers 117
4.5 Characteristicsofsingleresonatorabsorber 120
4.6 Absorptiveconstructionmadeofperforatedorslotted
panels 121
4.7 Commentsoncommercialproducts,designand
construction 127
4.8 Specialsoundabsorptivedevices 129
Problems4 130
5 Outdoorsoundpropagation 132
5.1 Outdoorpropagationofsoundandnoise 132
5.2 Noisereductionbybarriers 142
Problems5 148
6 Airbornesoundinsulation 149
6.1 Transmissionloss 149
6.2 Measurementandratingofairbornesoundinsulation 152
6.3 Masslawforsoundinsulationofasinglewall 156
6.4 Coincidenceeffectonsoundtransmission 158
6.5 Frequencycharacteristicsofasinglewall 161
6.6 Soundinsulationofdouble-leafwalls 163
6.7 Effectofopeningsandcracks 169
6.8 Flankingtransmission 172
6.9 Noisereductioninairducts 173
Problems6 182
7 Isolationofstructure-bornenoiseandvibration 183
7.1 Propagationandradiationofstructure-bornesound 183
7.2 Reductionofstructure-bornenoise 189
7.3 Measurementandratingofimpactsoundinsulation 192
7.4 Principleofvibrationisolation 195
Contents vii
7.5 Vibrationcontrolofequipmentandmechanicalsystems 201
7.6 Floatingconstruction 202
Problems7 204
8 Noiseandvibrationcontrolintheenvironment 205
8.1 Basicstrategy 205
8.2 Determinationofrequiredreduction 206
8.3 Organisationofnoiseandvibrationcontrol 209
8.4 Examplesofnoisecontrolplanning 213
Problems8 222
9 Acousticdesignofrooms 223
9.1 Designtarget 223
9.2 Designofroomshape 224
9.3 Planningthereverberation 232
9.4 Computersimulationandacousticmodelanalysis 235
9.5 Practicalexamplesoftheacousticdesignofrooms 242
Problems9 248
10 Electro-acousticsystems 249
10.1 Functionsandaimsofelectro-acousticsystems 249
10.2 Outlineofsoundreinforcementsystems 250
10.3 Electro-acousticequipment 261
10.4 Preventionofhowling 269
10.5 Architecturalplanninganddesign 270
10.6 Performancetestofelectro-acousticsystems 272
Problems10 275
11 Addenda 276
11.1 Waveequations(Lit.B7,B13,B20,B32,etc.) 276
11.2 Analogybetweenelectrical,mechanicalandacoustic
systemsandthetimeconstant(Lit.B13,B40,etc.) 281
11.3 Fouriertransformationandthecorrelationfunction
(Lit.B39,B40,etc.) 291
11.4 Outlineofauditoryorgan(Lit.B5,B28,B34,
Chapter4,etc.) 295
11.5 Calculationofloudnesslevel(A)byE.Zwicker’smethod 297
11.6 Calculationofloudnesslevel(B)byStevens’smethod 300
11.7 Calculationofnoisiness 302
11.8 Reverberationinacoupledroom 303
11.9 Schroedermethodofmeasuringreverberationtime 304
viii Contents
11.10 Soundabsorptioncharacteristicsofmulti-layered
absorbents 306
11.11 Smithchartandstandingwavemethod 309
11.12 Soundinsulationcriteriaforbuildingindifferentcountries 313
11.13 Measurementofpowerlevelanddirectivityofsound
source 316
11.14 Sounddiffractionaroundascreenandotherbarriers 320
11.15 Principleofstatisticalenergyanalysis(SEA) 328
11.16 Humansubjectiveevaluationofanacousticenvironment 330
11.17 Outdoorplanningofenvironmentalacoustics 331
Appendices 332
Bibliography 346
Index 356
Preface
Sincethefirstpublicationofthisbook15yearshaveelapsed,andduringthis
period there have been many developments in acoustic technology, mainly
through the brilliant progress of the digital computer. Therefore, I wel-
comedthesuggestionfromthepublishertowritethesecondedition,which
includesthesedevelopments.However,thephysicaltheoryofacousticshas
not changed. Though digital technology is an excellent research tool, it is
not covered to any depth in this book. The purpose of this book, as men-
tionedintheprefaceofthepreviousedition,alsohasnotchanged,i.e.itisto
provideagoodunderstandingofthefoundationofacousticstoallreaders.
I took great pleasure from the participation of a new and excellent
co-author, Professor J. H. Rindel, who was interested in the first edition,
and sent me many kind comments for its improvement. I believe that the
topicsarecoveredinmoredepthandbreadththanthepreviousedition.
I am indebted again to my younger colleagues, Professor M. Morimoto
andAssociateProfessorK.SakagamiatKobeUniversity,withwhomIhad
manyusefuldiscussions.Ifoundtheirarticles,includingtheresultsoftheir
ownresearch,helpful.
Sincere thanks are again due to the co-author, Professor P. Lord, for his
kindcriticalreviewingandcorrectEnglish.
All illustrations in this version, except those with some note, are repro-
ducedbypermissionofKyouritu-ShuppanCo.Ltd.
Z.Maekawa
Osaka,JAPAN