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Environment and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa: Some Critical Issues PDF

244 Pages·1998·59.315 MB·English
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IN ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA Also by Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed BEYOND CONFLICT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA (co-editor with M. Doornbos, L. CUffee and J. Markakis) MANAGEMENT OF THE CRISIS IN THE SUDAN (co-editor with Gunnar S¢rb¢) PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUDAN (co-editor with Paul van der Wei) SHAYKHSANDFOLLOWERS SOME ASPECTS OF PASTORAL NOMADISM IN THE SUDAN THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION IN DEVELOPMENT Also by Wilfred Mlay THE CRISIS OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN EASTERN AFRICA (co-editor with Eshetu Chole and Walter Oyugi) THE POPULATION QUESTION IN THE AFRICAN CRISIS (co-editor with P. Kinmuya and G. Kinoti) Environment and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa Some Critical Issues Edited by Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed Professor of Social Anthropology University of Khartoum and Executive Secretary Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa and Wilfred Mlay former Professor of Geography University of Dares Salaam Tanzania and Regional Director International Bible Society, Nairobi in association with Palgrave Macmillan First published in Great Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-26645-6 ISBN 978-1-349-26643-2 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-26643-2 First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21047-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environment and sustainable development in Eastern and Southern Africa : some critical issues I edited by Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed and Wilfred Mlay. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21047-2 {cloth) I. Sustainable development-Africa, Eastern. 2. Sustainable development-Africa, Southern. 3. Environmental policy-Africa, Eastern. 4. Environmental policy-Africa, Southern. 5. Agriculture and state-Africa, Eastern. 6. Agriculture and state-Africa, Southern. I. Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar Muhammad. II. Mlay, Wilfred. HC860.Z9E535 1997 333.7'09676---dc21 97-28957 CIP © OSSREA 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 OSSREA acknowledges the support of the International Development Research Center (IDRC), Ford Foundation, the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) and the Norwegian Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 07 06 OS 04 03 02 01 ()() 99 98 Text layout: Misrak Kinfemichael, Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA}, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Contents List of Tables Vll Notes on the Contributors Vlll Introduction 1 Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed and Wilfred Mlay 2 Sustainable Development in Africa in the 9 1990s and Beyond: Meeting the Challenge Sadig Rasheed 3 Population Dynamics and the Environment 30 Wilfred Mlay 4 Adjustment Programmes and the Environment 45 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Exploratory Results Ali Abdel Gadir Ali 5 The Response ofNon-Governmental Organization 62 to the Ecological Crisis in the South with Special Reference to Eastern Africa M. A. Mohamed Salih 6 Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in 83 Tanzania: An Environmental Perspective S. M. Kapunda 7 Drought and Famine in Eastern Sudan: 104 The Socio-Cultural Dimension Idris Salim El Hassan 8 Soil Erosion and Conservation Techniques 118 for Sustainable Crop Production in Zimbabwe F. Tagwira vi Contents 9 The Promotion of Small Farms in Swaziland: 128 A Sound Agrarian Policy, Friendly to the Environment S. N. A. Mensah 10 The Impact of Agricultural Technology on 144 Sustainable Land Resource Utilization in Africa: The Case of Semi-Arid Tanzania William Rugumamu 11 Sustainability of Forests in Kenya: Emerging Issues 161 MaryOmosa 12 Agricultural Extension Policy in Malawi: 176 Past Experiences and Future Directions M.A. Nambote 13 The Impact of the 1991/92 Drought in Zambia 190 Gear M. Kajoba 14 Restoring the Land: Environment and Change in 207 a Non-Racial, Democratic South Africa Dominic Milazi Index 231 List of Tables 3.1 Distribution of World Population by Major 34 Regions ofthe World 1950-2100 (per cent) 4.1 Rural Poverty in Sub-Saharan African Countries: 55 1965 and 1988 4.2 Rural Poverty in Sudan: 1978 and 1986 57 5.1 Number and Classification of Major National and 64 International NGOs Operating in Selected East African Countries, 1991 6.1 Food Production Trends in Tanzania (1989-1991) 88 6.2 Livestock Production Indices ( 1989-1991) 89 6.3 Livestock Population 1984-1992 89 6.4 Nominal Catches ofFish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, etc. 92 (1981-1990) 8.1 Land and Rainfall Distribution by Natural Regions 118 8.2 Land and Farmer Distribution by Agricultural 119 Sub-Sectors 8.3 Variation in Extent of Erosion According to Population 122 Density in Communal Areas 8.4 Typical Annual Losses of Soil, Rainfall and Nutrients 124 from Farmlands 8.5 Micro-catchment Tillage Yields for Three Crops 126 Grown in the Low Rainfall Lowveld Region of Zimbabwe 9.1a Adult Rural Population, 1986 139 9.1b Adult Farm Labor Force, 1986 139 9.2 Simulated Employment-Generation Capacity 140 10.1 Yields of Cereal Crops in Bahi Village 155 11.1 Estimated Expenditure on Forest Resources 162 1965/66-1969/70 13.1 Zambia: Total Rainfall, Normal and Departures, 193 1991192 Season 13.2 Crop Production and Sales 1990-1992 194 13.3 Some ofthe Drought Relief Support from the 195 International Community vii Notes on Contributors Abdel Ghaffar Mohamed Ahmed is Professor of Social Anthropology, University of Khartoum and currently the Executive Secretary of the Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa(OSSREA). He is the author of several books, including Shaykhs and Followers (1974), The Role of Indigenous Systems of Production in Development (1976), Some Aspects ofP astoral Nomadism in the Sudan (1976). Among his several edited books are the following: Perspectives on Development in the Sudan (1986) with Paul van der wei, The Hague, Management of the Crisis in the Sudan (1989) with Gunnar Serbe and Beyond Conflict in the Horn ofA frica (1992) with M. Doornbos, L. Cliffee and J. Markakis. Ali Abdel Gadir Ali was Professor of Economics, University of Khartoum and the Academic Secretary, University of Gezira in the Sudan. He published widely on economic development, structural adjustment polices and poverty in Sudan and the Middle East. His book on Sudan Economy in Disarray, was published in 1985. Idris Salim El Hassan teaches anthropology at Khartoum University. Presently is on secondment as an OSSREA Visiting Professor in Anthropology at the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Administration, Addis Ababa University. His major specialization is cultural anthropology and sociology of religion with particular emphasis on Islam. Currently, his research interests focus on religious and gender issues (mainly traditional educational institutions) in eastern sudan and the Horn of Africa. Among his major publications are Religion in Society: Nemeiri and the Turuq, Khartoum University Press, Khartoum, (1993) and Leisure Activities in Saudi Arabia (Arabic co-authored with I. Khalifa), University of King Saud Publications, Riyadh, (1987), and "Gender Religious Experience: Women and Quranic Schools in Eastern Sudan", EASSRRVol. XI, No.1, January 1995. Gear M. Kajoba is a lecturer in the Department of Geography University of Zambia, Lusaka. His areas of interest are Agrarian Studies, Land Tenure and Geography of Development. His current topic of research is changing rural land use and land matters in Southern Africa. Among his publications are "Food Security in Zambia and the Need for Diversification from Depending on Rain" in Osci-Hwdie and Muna Naris(ed) Development ofCrossroads: An African Experience, (1990); "Some Aspects of Land Administration in Zambia in Historical Perspective" in Zambia journal ofH istory, No.3, 1993. viii Notes on Contributors ix Stephen M. Kapunda is a senior lecturer in Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam. Among his publications is "Food Consumption Patterns (1989)", Tanzania journal of Economics. His current topic of research is consumption patterns in selected African countries. Samuel N. A. Mensah is a senior lecturer in the Department of Economics, University of Swaziland. His areas of interest are labor and political and agricultural economics. His current topic of research is the political economy of Swaziland agrarian structure. Major among his publications is "Stmctural Adjustment Programmes in Africa: Lesson from Ghana and Nigeria in Africa Insights, (1993)"; "Agricultural Commodity Marketing in Nigeria Without the Marketing Boards in Agricultural Extension and Management, (1988)". Dominic Ben Tono Milazi is a Professor of Sociology in the Department of Sociology University of Bophuthatswana, The Republic of South Africa. Wilfred F. I. Mlay is a Professor of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He is presently Regional Director of International Bible Society, Nairobi, Kenya. His areas of interest are migration, population and family life and rural development in Africa. Among his major publications is: The Population Question in The African Crisis, edited by Kinmuya, P. and Kinoti G. 1993. He is also a co-editor of 71Je Crisis of Development Strategies in Eastern Africa (1990) with Eshetu Chole and Walter Oyugi. Mike A. Nambote is a lecturer in Media Education and Communication, University of Malawi. His main area of interest is the policy implication of technology transfer in rural communities. He published articles on: "Integration of Population Education in Agricultural Extension", "Youth Employment Perceptions and Opportunities in Malawi and Kibuina: An Introduction to Malawian Dance and Theater". Mary Omosa is a lecturer in Sociology at the Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Her publications include "Beggars in the Streets of Nairobi: The Role of Physical Handicap - a Simple Observation 1985"; "Poveny: A Review of Selected Theories on Who are the Poor? (1985)"; "The Dysfunctions of Bureaucracy: A Review (1985)". Her topic of current research is practices and technologies in the sustainable management of tree: a case study of Nyakoe Location Kisii District.

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