Environment and Culture PDF
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Human Behavior and Environment ADVANCES INTHEORYAND RESEARCH Volume 4 Environment and Culture Human Behavior and Environment ADVANCES INTHEORYAND RESEARCH Volume I Volume 2 Volume 3: Childrenand the Environment Volume 4: EnvironmentandCulture Human Behavior and Environment ADVANCES INTHEORYAND RESEARCH Volume 4 Environment and Culture EDITED BY IRWIN ALTMAN UniversityofUtah Salt LakeCity,Utah AMOS RAPOPORT UniversityofWisconsin Milwaukee,Wisconsin AND JOACHIM F. WOHLWILL PennsylvaniaStateUniversity UniversityPark, Pennsylvania Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library ofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Mainentry under title: Humanbehavior andenvironrnent. Inc1udesbibliographiesand indexes. 1. Environmental psychology - Collected works.I. Altman,lrwin.H.Wohlwill, Joachim F. BF353.H85 301.31 76-382942 ISBN 978-1-4899-0453-9 ISBN 978-1-4899-0451-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0451-5 ©1980SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork OriginallypublishedbyPlenumPress,NewYorkin1980. Softcoverreprintofthe hardcover 1stedition 1980 Allrightsreserved Nopart ofthisbook maybereproduced,stored inaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted, inany form orbyany means,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,microfilming, recording,orotherwise,withoutwritten permission from thcPublisher Articles Planned for Volume 5 TRANSPORTATION AND ENVIRONMENT Editors:Joachim Wohlwill, Peter Everett, and Irwin Altman Social Impact Assessment of Transportation Environments LYNN LLEWELLYN Transportation and Stress: An EcologicalPerspective DANIEL STOKOLS AND RAYMOND NOVACO Human Factors and Transportation Safety SLADE HULBERT Psychological Contributions to Travel Demand Modeling IRWIN P. LEVIN AND JORDAN P. LOUVIERE Travel Behavior Change Strategies PETER EVERETT Transportation and the Behavioral Sciences DAVID T. HARTGEN Transportation Environments for the Future RICHARD M. MICHAELS V Contributors JOHNR.AIELLO • DepartmentofPsychology,Rutgers-TheStateUniver sity, New Brunswick, New Jersey JOHN W. BERRY • DepartmentofPsychology,QueensUniversity, Kings ton, Ontario, Canada JOHN W. BENNETT • DepartmentofAnthropology, Washington Univer sity, St. Louis, Missouri RICHARD W. BRISLIN • East-West Center, Culture Learning Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii SIDNEY N. BROWER • Planning Commission, Department of Planning, City of Baltimore, 222 East Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Maryland AMOSRAPOPORT • DepartmentofArchitecture, UniversityofWisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin MILES RICHARDSON • Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana IGNACY SACHS • Le Centre InternationaldeRecherche sur I'Environ nement et le Developpement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 54 Boulevard Raspail, Paris, France JOHN H. SORENSEN • Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii DONNA E. THOMPSON • Department of Psychology, George Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee GILBERT F. WHITE • Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado vii Preface Following upon the first two volumes in this series, which dealt with a broadspectrumoftopicsin theenvironmentandbehaviorfield, ranging from theoreticalto applied, and includingdisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and professionally oriented approaches, we have chosen to devote sub sequent volumes to more specifically defined topics. Thus, Volume Three dealt with Children and the Environment, seen from the combined perspective of researchers in environmental and developmental psy chology. The present volume has a similarly topical coverage, dealing with the complex set of relationships between culture and the physical environment. Itisbroadand necessarilyeclectic withrespect tocontent, theory, methodology, and epistemological stance, and the contributors to it represent a wide variety of fields and disciplines, including psy chology, geography, anthropology, economics, and environmental de sign. We were fortunate to enlist the collaboration ofAmos Rapoport in the organization and editing of this volume, as he brings to this task a particularly pertinent perspective that combines anthropology and ar chitecture. Volume Five of the series, presently in preparation, will cover the subject of behavioral science aspects of transportation. Irwin Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AMOS RAPOPORT Introduction 7 Culture. ......... .. .. . . . 9 Environmental Design 10 The Relationship of Culture and Environmental Design ......... 15 The Variability of Culture-Environment Relations 19 Culture-Specific Environments................................ 26 Designing for Culture. ....................................... 30 Implications for the Future ................................... 39 References .................................................. 42 CHAPTER 2 CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH METHODS: STRATEGIES, PROBLEMS, ApPLICATIONS RICHARD W. BRISLIN Introduction 47 Cross-Cultural Studies ....................................... 48 xi xii Contents Overview of Chapter 49 The Uses of Cross-Cultural Research. ................... ...... 50 Expansion of Independent Variables 50 Hypothesis Generation and Testing. ...................... 51 The Generation of Theories 52 Theory Validation and Expansion ......................... 53 Culture-Universal and Culture-Specific Frameworks: Emicsand Etics 54 Procedures for Using Emic-Etic Conceptualization 58 The Plausible Rival Hypothesis Approach. ..................... 62 Archival Material: Content Analysis ........................... 66 Multiple Methods and Multiple Data Points .................... 69 Explaining Complex Phenomena through Low Correlations among Variables 71 Human Relations in Cross-Cultural Research. .................. 74 Considerations for the Future. ................................ 76 Bibliographie References to Cross-Cultural Research Methods .......................... .... ............. ... 77 References .................................................. 78 CHAPTER 3 CULTURAL ECOLOGY AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR JOHN W. BERRY Introduction 83 Systematic Approaches 84 Comparative Studies of Individual Adaptation 91 Individual Adaptation to Environmental Change ,........ .. 100 Conclusions and Future Directions ............................ 103 References .................................................. 104
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