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Entitlement and the Affectional Bond: Justice in Close Relationships PDF

364 Pages·1994·36.97 MB·English
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ENTITLEMENT AND THE AFFECTIONAL BOND Justice in Close Relationships CRITICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL JUSTICE Published in association with the International Center for Social Justice Research, Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. Series Editors: MELVIN J. LERNER and RIEL VERMUNT Washington University University of Leiden St. Louis, Missouri uiden, The Netherlands Recent volumes in this series: ENTITLEMENT AND THE AFFECTIONAL BOND Justice in Close Relationships Edited by Melvin J. Lerner and Gerold Mikula JUSTICE Views from the Social Sciences Edited by Ronald L. Cohen JUSTICE IN SOCIAL RELATIONS Edited by Hans-Werner Bierhoff, Ronald L. Cohen, and Jerald Greenberg LEGACY OF INJUSTICE Exploring the Cross-Generational Impact of the Japanese-American Internment Donna K. Nagata NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF JUSTICE, LAW, AND SOCIAL CONTROL Prepared by the School of Justice Studies Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona SOCIAL JUSTICE IN HUMAN RELATIONS Volume 1: Societal and Psychological Origins of Justice Edited by Riel Vermunt and Herman Steensma Volume 2: Societal and Psychological Consequences of Justice and Injustice Edited by Herman Steensma and Riel Vermunt THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE E. Allan Lind and Tom R. Tyler A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. ENTITLEMENT AND THE AFFECTIONAL BOND Justice in Close Relationships Edited by J. Melvin Lerner Washington University St. Louis, Missouri and Gerold Mikula University of Cruz Cruz, Austria Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Entitlement and the affectional bond: justice in close relationships / edited by Melvin J. Lerner and Gerold Mikula. p. cm.—(Critical issues in social justice) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-0986-2 1. Interpersonal relations. 2. Entitlement attitudes. 3. Social justice. 4. Intimacy (Psychol ogy). I. Lerner, Melvin J., 1929- II. Mikula, Gerold. III. Series. HM132.E59 1994 94-34391 303.372—dc20 CEP ISBN 978-1-4899-0986-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-0984-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0984-8 © 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Mark Attridge, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Min neapolis, Minnesota 55455-0344 Ellen Berscheid, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0344 Bram P. Buunk, Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, NL-9712 TS Groningen, The Nether lands Ann E. Cameron, Social-Personality Psychology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10036-8099 Kathleen Chrisman, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 Margaret S. Clark, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon Univer sity, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Faye Crosby, Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts 01063 Serge Desmarais, Department of Psychology, St. Mary's University, Ha lifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada Nicholas P. Emler, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, England Rehana Farrell, 233 Marscott Road, Kingston, New York 12401 v vi Contributors Sharon Hall, Department of Psychiatry, United Medical School of Guy's and st. Thomas, London, United Kingdom John G. Holmes, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada Louise H. Kidder, Department of Psychology, Temple University, Phil adelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 Nobuko Kosuge, Temple University Japan, Minawi Osawa, Tokyo 161, Japan Melvin J. Lerner, Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899 George Levinger, Department of Psychology, University of Massachu setts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Gerold Mikula, Department of Psychology, University of Graz, A-80lO Graz, Austria Leo Montada, Department of Psychology, Trier University, D-54286 Trier, Germany Barbara Reichle, Department of Psychology, Trier University, D-54286 Trier, Germany Pepper Schwartz, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Susan Sprecher, Department of Sociology, Illinois State University, Nor mal, Illinois 61790-4660 Janice M. Steil, Derner Institute, Adelphi University, Garden City, Long Island, New York 11530 Nico W. VanYperen, Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1 NL-9712 TS Groningen, The Nether lands Preface If the truth were told, this volume and its direct antecedents must rank among the most ambitious, if not simply pretentious, endeavors imag inable, at least in the social sciences. The titles of the volume and the chapters, promising to integrate the experiences of the sense of justice and the affectional bonding of people in close relations, seem straightforward and reasonable enough. What they fail to convey, however, is the simple bald fact that we in the human social sciences have no firm grasp on either of these two fundamental experiences-what we sometimes call "love" and "justice." To begin with, even as "scientists" committed to under standing based upon systematic propositions linking publicly observable concepts, we have no clear consensus concerning the nature of the affec tional bonds linking people in close relationships-love, intimacy, caring, mutual responsiveness, or the sense of justice, fairness, deserving, and entitlement. And we are continually handicapped in our efforts to under stand these complex, moving experiences by the persistent tendency to reduce them to manifestations of, "nothing but," familiar psychological or even biological processes-"secondary rewards," "selfish genes." So, why then this volume? Although there are many answers to the question, probably the most germane is that the basic issues are so im portant and intriguing that the recent past has seen rather dramatic paral lel growth in social scientists' interest in these two areas-justice and close relationships. Even though different theories and conceptual sys tems continue to produce ambuiguity and often conflict, rather than dampening interest they appear to have the effect of generating further research. And possibly more to the point, two previous collections of papers devoted to the appearance of justice in close relationships (Melvin J. Lerner and Sally C. Lerner, eds., The Justice Motive in Social Behavior [New York: Plenum Press, 1981] and Janice M. Steil, ed., Social Justice Research, 1989, Vol. 3, No.2) were remarkably successful in identifying important themes for future considerations, some of which are repre- vii viii Preface sented in this volume. Strangely enough, it appears that without con sensus concerning either concepts or theory, over the past decade we have come to know more, and become even more intrigued, by the funda mental issues associated with the sense of entitlement and the affectional bond in close relationships. Basically, this volume was intended to docu ment how far we have come and to suggest directions for the next gen eration of research. The following individuals and institutions deserve our sincerest ac knowledgment and gratitude for their contribution to this volume. We would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for providing their continued support (to Melvin J. Lerner) over the past several years. We also wish to express our appreciation to the authors who accepted the invitation to contribute to this volume. Ulti mately, it is their writing and research that have created it. M.J.L. G.M. Contents Chapter 1 Justice in Close Relationships: An Introduction. . . . . 1 Gerold Mikula and Melvin J. Lerner Rules of Justice in Close Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Concerns with Justice in Close Relationships ............. 3 Gender Inequalities in Close Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Interpretations of Violations of Entitlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Mutual Stimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chapter 2 Equity and Balance in the Exchange of Contributions in Close Relationships.......................... . 11 Susan Sprecher and Pepper Schwartz Equity and Equality in Contributions to the Relationship. . . 12 Money and Work.................................. 13 Household Chores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Intimacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 A Traditional Exchange of Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Theoretical Background to Perceived Equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Equity Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Equality: Another Distributive Justice Norm. . . . . . . . . . . 17 Social-Exchange Variables in Outcome- Interdependence Theory. ...... ... ............. ... 18 Measurement and Analysis of Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Global Measures of Equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Detailed Measures of Equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ix

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If the truth were told, this volume and its direct antecedents must rank among the most ambitious, if not simply pretentious, endeavors imag­ inable, at least in the social sciences. The titles of the volume and the chapters, promising to integrate the experiences of the sense of justice and the af
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