Enterprise Architecture A to Z: Frameworks, Business Process Modeling, SOA, and Infrastructure Technology

500 Pages·2008·7.38 MB·English

by  Daniel Minoli

Enterprise Architecture
A Z
to
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Enterprise Architecture
A Z
to
Frameworks, Business Process Modeling,
SOA, and Infrastructure Technology
Daniel Minoli
Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Minoli, Daniel, 1952-
Enterprise architecture A to Z : frameworks, business process modeling, SOA, and infrastructure
technology / Dan Minoli.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8493-8517-9 (alk. paper)
1. Information technology--Management. 2. Computer network architectures. 3. Information
resources management. I. Title.
T58.64.M56 2008
004.068--dc22 2008013084
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Contents
Preface ...............................................................................................................................xiii
About the Author ................................................................................................................xv
Part I: the LogICaL LeveL: enterPrIse arChIteCture a to Z:
Frameworks, BusIness ProCess modeLIng, and soa
1 Introduction: Enterprise Architecture and Technology Trends ...................................3
1.1 Introduction: The Criticality of Information Technology .........................................3
1.2 IT Resources Requiring Proper Architectural Planning ............................................6
1.3 What Is Enterprise Architecture? ..............................................................................9
1.4 Trends in Enterprise Architecture and Data Center Environments ..........................19
1.4.1 Enterprise Architecture ................................................................................19
1.4.2 Technology Architecture ..............................................................................21
1.5 Course of Investigation ...........................................................................................23
Appendix 1.1: A Formal Definition of Architecture .........................................................24
Definition ...............................................................................................................24
Example ...................................................................................................................25
Summary/Interpretation .........................................................................................28
Appendix 1.2: Bibliography on Enterprise Architecture ...................................................29
2 Enterprise Architecture Goals, Roles, and Mechanisms ............................................33
2.1 Enterprise Architecture ............................................................................................33
2.1.1 Description of Enterprise.............................................................................34
2.1.2 Definition of Architecture ............................................................................35
2.1.3 Motivations for Having an Enterprise Architecture .....................................36
2.1.4 Role Enterprise Architecture Group .............................................................41
2.1.5 Organization-Specific Architecture Principles .............................................46
2.1.5.1 Overview .....................................................................................46
2.1.5.2 Additional Details .......................................................................50
2.1.6 Instituting Enterprise Architecture Mechanism in a Firm ............................52
2.2 Enterprise Architecture Constructs ..........................................................................53
2.2.1 Enterprise Architecture Principles ...............................................................54
2.2.2 Enterprise Architecture Frameworks ...........................................................54
2.2.2.1 The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF 8.1) ............55
2.2.2.2 Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture ........................57
2.2.2.3 Extended Enterprise Architecture Framework (E2AF) .................59
v
vi ◾ Contents
2.2.2.4 Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) ........59
2.2.2.5 Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) .....................................63
2.2.2.6 Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) ........................................64
2.2.2.7 Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) ....................67
2.2.2.8 Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF) ................68
2.2.2.9 ISO/IEC 14252 (IEEE Std. 1003.0) ............................................70
2.3 Enterprise Architecture Governance .......................................................................70
Appendix 2.1: Firm-Specific Architectural Principles .......................................................72
Business Principles ..................................................................................................72
Data Principles .......................................................................................................75
Application Principles .............................................................................................79
Technical Principles ................................................................................................79
3 The Open Group Architectural Framework ...............................................................83
3.1 Introduction and Overview ....................................................................................83
3.2 The Role of Architecture Views...............................................................................86
3.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................86
3.2.2 TOGAF and Standards for IT Architecture Description ............................86
3.2.3 A Note on Terminology ..............................................................................87
3.3 Basic TOGAF Concepts .........................................................................................87
3.3.1 Viewpoint and View: A Simple Example .....................................................88
3.4 Developing Views in the ADM ...............................................................................89
3.4.1 General Guidelines ......................................................................................89
3.4.2 The View Creation Process ..........................................................................90
3.5 Core Taxonomy of Architecture Views ...................................................................90
3.5.1 Overview .....................................................................................................90
3.5.2 Stakeholders .................................................................................................91
3.5.3 Views/Viewpoints ........................................................................................91
3.5.4 Description .................................................................................................92
3.6 Views, Tools, and Languages ..................................................................................96
3.6.1 Overview .....................................................................................................96
3.6.2 Views and Viewpoints .................................................................................96
3.6.2.1 An Example ................................................................................96
3.6.2.2 Views and Viewpoints in Information Systems ...........................97
3.6.2.3 The Need for a Common Language and Interoperable Tools
for Architecture Description ........................................................98
3.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................98
Appendix 3.1: Developing a Business Architecture View .................................................98
Stakeholder and Concerns ......................................................................................98
Modeling the View .................................................................................................99
Key Issues ...............................................................................................................99
Appendix 3.2: Developing a Data Flow View ................................................................100
Stakeholder and Concerns ....................................................................................100
Modeling the View ...............................................................................................100
Key Issues .............................................................................................................100
Database Management Systems ..................................................................101
Database Models ........................................................................................101
Contents ◾ vii
Distributed DBMSs ...................................................................................103
Distributed Heterogeneous DBMSs ...........................................................103
Data Dictionary/Directory Systems ...........................................................104
Data Administration ..................................................................................104
Repository ..................................................................................................105
Database Administration ...........................................................................105
Data Security .............................................................................................105
Appendix 3.3: Developing a Communications Engineering View ..................................105
Stakeholder and Concerns .....................................................................................105
Key Issues ..............................................................................................................106
Communications Infrastructure ............................................................................106
Communications Models ......................................................................................106
The OSI Reference Model ......................................................................................107
Communications Framework ................................................................................107
Allocation of Services to Components ...................................................................108
4 The Zachman Architectural Framework ..................................................................111
4.1 Background ...........................................................................................................111
4.2 Framework .............................................................................................................112
4.2.1 Principles ....................................................................................................112
4.2.2 Framework Structure .................................................................................112
4.3 Architecture Implementation .................................................................................115
5 Official Enterprise Architecture Standards ..............................................................119
5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................119
5.2 ISO 15704 ............................................................................................................122
5.3 Other ISO Standards ............................................................................................124
5.3.1 ISA-95.00.01-2000 ....................................................................................124
5.3.2 ENV 13350 ................................................................................................125
5.3.3 IS 15704 .....................................................................................................125
5.3.4 ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing .............................125
5.4 IEEE 1471–2000 Standard ...................................................................................127
6 Enterprise Architecture Tools ...................................................................................131
6.1 Overview ...............................................................................................................132
6.2 Snapshot of Products .............................................................................................133
7 Business Process Modeling .......................................................................................139
7.1 Business Process Modeling ....................................................................................141
7.2 Business Process Modeling Standardization ...........................................................143
7.2.1 Business Process Modeling Language .........................................................143
7.2.1.1 Activities ....................................................................................143
7.2.1.2 Activity Types ............................................................................143
7.2.1.3 The Activity Context ..................................................................145
7.2.1.4 Simple and Complex Activities ...................................................146
7.2.1.5 Processes ....................................................................................147
7.2.2 Business Process Modeling Notation ..........................................................147
7.2.2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................148
viii ◾ Contents
7.2.2.2 BPMN Overview .......................................................................148
7.2.2.3 Business Process Diagrams .........................................................153
7.2.2.4 Examples ....................................................................................154
7.2.3 Business Process Query Language ..............................................................169
7.3 Unified Modeling Language™ ................................................................................169
7.3.1 Overview ....................................................................................................170
7.3.2 Scratching the Surface of UML ..................................................................173
7.3.2.1 Conformance .............................................................................173
7.3.2.2 Runtime Semantics of UML ......................................................179
7.3.2.3 The UML Metamodel ................................................................181
7.3.2.4 UML Infrastructure Specification ..............................................182
7.4 Model-Driven Architecture ...................................................................................191
7.4.1 MDA Background ......................................................................................191
7.4.2 MDA Support ............................................................................................196
7.4.2.1 The Meta-Object Facility (MOF™).............................................196
7.4.2.2 UML Profiles .............................................................................197
7.4.2.3 XML Metadata Interchange (XMI™) .........................................197
7.4.2.4 Common Warehouse MetaModel (CWM™) ..............................198
7.4.2.5 CORBA® ....................................................................................198
7.4.2.6 Writing Standards in the MDA ..................................................198
7.4.2.7 The Pervasive Services ................................................................199
7.4.2.8 Domain-Specific Specifications ..................................................199
8 Architecture Fulfillment via Service-Oriented Architecture Modeling ....................201
8.1 Background and Description ................................................................................202
8.2 Benefits of Using SOA Machinery ........................................................................208
8.3 SOA Machinery .....................................................................................................211
8.3.1 Services ......................................................................................................211
8.3.2 Registry ......................................................................................................213
8.3.3 Messaging ..................................................................................................214
8.3.4 Management ..............................................................................................215
8.3.5 Orchestration .............................................................................................215
8.3.6 Analytics ....................................................................................................215
8.3.7 User Interface .............................................................................................215
8.4 Challenges to Full-Fledged SOA Deployment .......................................................216
8.5 Building SOA Environments .................................................................................217
Part II: the InFrastruCture LeveL: mIgratIng to state-
oF-the-art envIronments In enterPrIses wIth
It-IntensIve assets: network vIrtuaLIZatIon
9 Evolving SAN, GbE/10GbE, and Metro Ethernet Technologies ..............................221
9.1 Overview of Networking ......................................................................................225
9.1.1 Background ...............................................................................................225
9.1.2 What This Chapter Covers ........................................................................229
9.2 The Technology Architecture Bottom Line for LANs and SANs ..........................230
9.3 Introduction to Optical Transmission ...................................................................231
Contents ◾ ix
9.3.1 Optical Fibers ............................................................................................232
9.3.1.1 Signal Degradation ....................................................................234
9.3.1.2 Dispersion Phenomena ..............................................................234
9.3.1.3 Intermodal Delay Distortion .....................................................234
9.3.1.4 Chromatic Dispersion ................................................................235
9.3.1.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) .......................................237
9.3.1.6 Single-Mode Fibers ...................................................................237
9.3.1.7 Multimode Fibers ......................................................................238
9.3.2 Transmission Approaches ..........................................................................238
9.3.3 Fiber-Optic Active Components ................................................................239
9.3.3.1 Light-Emitting Diodes ..............................................................239
9.3.3.2 Laser Diodes..............................................................................240
9.3.3.3 Tunable Lasers ...........................................................................240
9.3.3.4 Fiber-Optic Receivers .................................................................241
9.3.3.5 Technologies Supporting SONET and WDM Systems ..............241
9.3.3.6 MAN, WAN, and Internet ........................................................244
9.4 Advances in LAN Technology, Applications, and Opportunities..........................244
9.4.1 Increased Aggregate Bandwidth .................................................................245
9.4.1.1 Review of Traditional LAN Technology ....................................245
9.4.1.2 Gigabit LANs ............................................................................254
9.4.2 Rapid Spanning Tree Algorithm ...............................................................279
9.4.2.1 Motivations ...............................................................................279
9.4.2.2 IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol .............................280
9.4.3 VLANs .....................................................................................................285
9.4.3.1 Port-Based VLANs ....................................................................288
9.4.3.2 Tagged VLANs .........................................................................288
9.4.3.3 MAC-Based VLANs .................................................................290
9.4.3.4 Protocol-Based VLANs .............................................................290
9.4.3.5 Filtering Database .....................................................................290
9.5 SAN-Related Technology .....................................................................................290
9.5.1 Fibre Channel Technology—Native Mode................................................292
9.5.1.1 FC .............................................................................................292
9.5.1.2 10 Gigabit Fibre Channel ..........................................................302
9.5.2 FC Technology—Tunneled Modes ...........................................................304
Appendix 9.1: Basic Glossary .........................................................................................309
10 Evolving MAN/WAN Technologies .........................................................................313
10.1 The Technology Architecture Bottom Line for MANs and WANs ........................313
10.2 Advances in MAN Technology, Applications, and Opportunities .........................316
10.2.1 Overview ....................................................................................................316
10.2.1.1 Topological Positioning ..............................................................316
10.2.1.2 Business Drivers .........................................................................317
10.2.1.3 Range of Solutions .....................................................................319
10.2.1.4 Transition Considerations .........................................................323
10.2.2 Synopsis of Baseline MAN Technologies ....................................................325
10.2.2.1 Optical Networking Overview ...................................................325