00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page i Entangled Edens 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page ii “The Continent of Paradise,” a map of South America based on Antonio de León Pinelo’s bookNew World Paradise (El paraíso del Nuevo Mundo).First published in 1656, the map shows Eden at the juncture of the present-day Orinoco, Amazon, and Paraguay Rivers. 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page iii Candace Slater Entangled Edens VI S I O N S O F TH E AMA Z O N UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley / Los Angeles / London 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page iv Excerpt from “Santarém” from the complete poems: 1927–1979 by Elizabeth Bishop. Copyright © 1979, 1983 by Alice Helen Methfessel. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, llc. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2002 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Slater, Candace Entangled edens : visions of the Amazon / Candace Slater. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn0-520-22641-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Amazon River Region—Description and travel. 2. Utopias—Amazon River Region. 3. Myth. 4. Amazon River Region—Public opinion. I. Title. f2546 .s67 2002 981—dc21 2001035866 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/nisoz39.48–1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper). (cid:2)(cid:2) 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page v I liked the place; I liked the idea of the place. Two rivers. Hadn’t two rivers sprung from the Garden of Eden? No, that was four and they’d diverged. Here only two and coming together. Even if one were tempted to literary interpretations such as: life/death, right/wrong, male/female —such notions would have resolved, dissolved, straight off in that watery, dazzling dialectic. Elizabeth Bishop, “Santarém,” Questions of Travel Here in the Amazon the stories spring up as fast as trees. Taxi driver, age eighteen, Santarém, Brazil, 1995 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page vi 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page vii Contents 1. The Meeting of the Waters 1 A Tale of Two Cities 2. El Dorado and the Golden Legacy 29 3. The Encante as a World in Motion 54 Amazon Women 4. Warrior Women, Virgin Forests, and Green Hells 81 5. Gold as a Woman 102 The Amazon as Water, the Amazon as Woods 6. Roots of the Rain Forest 133 7. Lakes within Lakes 158 8. Beyond Eden 183 Chronology of Key Dates 205 Glossary of Selected Terms 218 Notes 223 References 281 Acknowledgments 313 Index 317 Illustrations follow page 132 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page viii Orinoco VENEZUELA GUYANA COLOMBIA RORAIMA o nc Bra o Ri ECUADOR Rio NegroManaus Iquitos Tefé Solimões Leticia Carauari Madeira AMAZONAS ánau p Juruá Ari )ad PERU PVoerlhtoo ivúD ACRE (tleveso RONDÔNIA oR BOLIVIA 00-C1905-FM 8/29/01 12:42 PM Page ix u TrosamtbeTrombetasErepec(urCuuCmindáh,uParuOesvte)isco Biological Porto ATLANTIC Abuí ReTsaerpvaegemTrombetas OCEAN Boa Vista Saracá-Taquera Oriximiná National Forest Óbidos Silêncio Monte du Matá Alegre Faro Nhamundá Santarém Parintins Arapemã FRENCH SURINAME GUIANA AMAPÁ NhatebsamorTreEpecuruSee Inset Macapá Belém Itaituba mundá Amazon ntins a oc T ués MaTapajós PARÁ MARANHÃO BRAZIL u g Xin Araguaia TOCANTINS 0 200 600 Km. 0 200 400 Mi.