Enslaved Leadership in Early Christianity PDF
Preview Enslaved Leadership in Early Christianity
ENSLAVED LEADERSHIP IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY ii ENSLAVED LEADERSHIP IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY Katherine A. Shaner 1 iv 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress ISBN 978– 0– 19– 027506– 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America CONTENTS List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi 1. Power in Perspectives: Interpreting Enslaved Presence in Archaeological Materials 1 2. Power Plays: Roman Policies, Public Slaves, and Social Status 23 3. Voices of Power: Onesimos, Paul, and the Ambiguity of the Enslaved “in Christ” 42 4. Shifting Power: Ambiguous Status, Visual Rhetoric, and the Enslaved in Imperial Sacrificial Practices 63 5. Power in the Ekklēsia: Contesting Enslaved Leadership in 1 Timothy and Ignatius 87 Epilogue 111 Appendix 117 Notes 123 Bibliography 175 Scripture Index 203 General Index 205 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Map of Ephesian Ruins 2 1.2 Harbor in Ephesos 7 1.3 Fishing Customs Stele 8 1.4 Akadian Street to the Theater 10 1.5 Tetragonos Agora 11 1.6 Market Gate 12 1.7 Map of Terrace House 2 14 1.8 Overview of Terrace House 2 15 1.9 Overview of Apartment 4 and 6 16 1.10 Domestic Shrine, Apartment 6, Room 31a 17 1.11 Apsed Dining Room, Apartment 6, Room 8 18 1.12 Reconstruction of Marble Hall 19 2.1 Overview of Ephesian Theater 25 2.2 Theater Drawing 26 2.3 North Theater Wall with Persicus Inscription 27 2.4 Persicus Inscription on Market Gate Pillar 30 2.5 Artemis Altar on the Triodos 31 4.1 Overview of Prytaneion 66 4.2 Kouretes Lists at the Prytaneion 69 4.3 River Gods, Parthian Reliefs 75 4.4 Apotheosis, Parthian Reliefs 76 4.5 Battle Scenes, Parthian Reliefs 77 4.6 Sacrifice Cycle, Parthian Reliefs 77 4.7 Imperial Adoption, Parthian Reliefs 78 4.8 Imperial Women, Parthian Reliefs 80 4.9 Ministrae, Parthian Reliefs 81 4.10 Ministri, Parthian Reliefs 82 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project started as my dissertation at Harvard Divinity School under Laura S. Nasrallah. As an advisor she offered, at times, daily feedback, incisive challenges to think more clearly, and fortifying encouragement in the earliest, most tentative stages of the project. Words can neither describe the impact her mentorship had on this project nor express my gratitude for it. Several institutions offered material support throughout my work. I offer thanks to the Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, especially to Sabine Ladstätter, for the opportunity to spend several weeks with the excavation teams in Ephesos in June 2010. Elisabeth Rathmayr and Hilke Thür welcomed me warmly to the Terrace Houses and patiently answered novice questions. The Humanities Institute at Wake Forest University (WFU), under the leadership of Mary Foskett, gave me a generous summer writing grant that helped me nearly finish the manuscript. Gail O’Day, the dean of the WFU School of Divinity, also approved a semester leave that made completion of the project possible. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza and Karen L. King both offered advice and guid- ance over many years. Jennifer Glancy, Shelly Matthews, Steve Friesen, Shanell Smith, Michal Beth Dinkler, Joseph Marchal, Melissa Jenkins, and Rebecca Hancock all read and commented significantly on draft materials at various stages. The Columbia University New Testament Faculty Seminar helpfully workshopped a portion of c hapter 3 with me. Summer writing groups, organ- ized by Paige Meltzer and the Women’s Center at WFU, graciously read multi- ple chapters and helped me clarify the project. Special thanks to Melissa Jenkins, Erica Still, Michael Pisapia, Barbara Lentz, Gail Bretan, Michelle Voss Roberts, and Amanda Gengler for reading again and again and again! Colleagues at the WFU School of Divinity, especially Michelle Voss Roberts, Derek Hicks, and John Senior, plied me with cups of coffee, helped me keep writ- ing appointments, and offered inspiration. Shanell Smith, Linn Tonstad, Lisa Thompson, and Eboni Marshall Turman, my writing accountability group, lov- ingly held me true to my goals.
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