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Green Energy and Technology Marcello De Falco Angelo Basile E ditors Enriched Methane The First Step Towards the Hydrogen Economy Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Marcello De Falco Angelo Basile (cid:129) Editors Enriched Methane The First Step Towards the Hydrogen Economy 123 Editors Marcello De Falco Angelo Basile University CampusBio-Medico of Rome ITM-CNR Rome University of Calabria Italy Rende Italy ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy andTechnology ISBN978-3-319-22191-5 ISBN978-3-319-22192-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22192-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015951769 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface Themassiveuseofhydrogenasanenergyvectorwouldbethelaststeptowardsthe energy decarbonisation process, solving once and for all the greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions in our industrial and civil systems. On the other hand, technological development of the production processes, storage, distribution and use of hydrogen is still quite far from a real competi- tivenesscomparedtotraditionalfossilfuels.Todate,infact,thereisnomarketfor hydrogenasanenergycarrierand,inthenearterm,hydrogeneconomywillhardly replace fossil fuels, even if the environmental and societal issues related to energy productionareperceivedasurgentandsolutionsareabsolutelyrequiredinthenext years. Enriched methane could be an intermediate step able to introduce hydrogen in our energy systems, using the consolidated natural gas infrastructures at competi- tive costs and leading to a significant reduction of the pollution, immediately applicable and without high structural costs: the new blend is a necessary step towards the “dream of hydrogen”. The scope of this book is to present the most interesting and advanced tech- nologiesofenrichedmethaneproductionanduse,inordertoupdatethereaderson this topic and to clarify what is already available and on what the international scientific and technological communities have still to work at. At the end, the readers should have a clear panorama of both the enriched methane potentialities and on the step forward to be taken. The realization of the book would have been impossible without the support of Profs. Luigi Marrelli and Prof. Diego Barba, who helped us in understanding and defining the focal and critical points of enriched methane production and applications. v vi Preface The book aims to inspire young engineers and scientists to face the next technological challenges balancing the environmental requirements, the technological specifics and the marketneeds, always considering that any good idea should then be introduced in the market respecting its rules and should interact with the envi- ronment, reducing the impacts and the resources use. Marcello De Falco Angelo Basile Contents Enriched Methane: A Ready Solution for the Transition Towards the Hydrogen Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mauro Capocelli and Marcello De Falco Enriched Methane Production Through a Low Temperature Steam Reforming Reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Marcello De Falco Methane/Hydrogen Mixtures from Concentrated Solar Energy: The METISOL Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Giampaolo Caputo, Domenico Mazzei and Mauro Francesco Sgroi Low Temperature Steam Reforming Catalysts for Enriched Methane Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Gloria Berlier Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion of Food Wastes for Hydrogen and Methane Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Cristina Cavinato, David Bolzonella, Paolo Pavan and Franco Cecchi Bio-production of Hydrogen and Methane Through Anaerobic Digestion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Chiara Patriarca, Elena De Luca, Claudio Felici, Luigia Lona, Valentina Mazzurco Miritana and Giulia Massini Biological Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass . . . . . . . 111 Sudhanshu S. Pawar, Eoin Byrne and Ed.W.J. van Niel Purification of Hydrogen-Methane Mixtures Using PSA Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Rosaria Augelletti, Sara Frattari and Maria Anna Murmura Emissions and Efficiency of Turbocharged Lean-Burn Hydrogen-Supplemented Natural Gas Fueled Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 James S. Wallace vii viii Contents Using Natural Gas/Hydrogen Mixture as a Fuel in a 6-Cylinder Stoichiometric Spark Ignition Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Luigi De Simio, Michele Gambino and Sabato Iannaccone Enriched Methane for City Public Transport Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Antonino Genovese and Fernando Ortenzi Exploring New Production Methods of Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Kas Hemmes Explosion Risks of Hydrogen/Methane Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Prankul Middha Enriched Methane: A Ready Solution for the Transition Towards the Hydrogen Economy Mauro Capocelli and Marcello De Falco Abstract The extensive use of hydrogen as an energy vector has the potential to minimize the world’s addiction to crude oil mitigating the global warming as well as economic crisis and conflicts. Nonetheless, at least in the near term, hydrogen economy will hardly replace fossil fuels because of the high production cost, the difficulty of storing at high energy density, the lack of extensive distribution infrastructure. R&D advances do not satisfy policies, investors and consumer’s needs. The potential for methane enrichment by mixing with hydrogen is an interestingalternativetothecompletereplacementofconventionalfuelsandtothe increased need of exploiting renewable energies. This solution can rapidly find a market collocation to renewable production (from gasification and steam reforming), low-cost storage and delivery through existent technologies, whereas improving the environmental impact of “methane/natural gas” applications. In this chapter,wepresenttheapplicationpotentialitiesoftheenrichedmethaneinthefour areas characterizing the evaluation of alternative fuels: production, storage, distri- butionandutilization.Wepresentthemainadvancesinthisframeworkandthenear perspectives indicating the enriched methane as a promising route towards the hydrogen economy and an immediate solution for the mitigation of climate changes. (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Keywords Hydrogen economy Methane enrichment Energy production (cid:1) Storage Distribution and use List of Symbols CCS Carbon Capture and Storage DOE US Department of Energy EU European Union FCH JU Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking GTL Gas to Liquid M.Capocelli(cid:1)M.DeFalco(&) UniversityofRome“CampusBio-Medico”,ViaAlvarodelPortillo21, 00128Rome,Italy e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1 M.DeFalcoandA.Basile(eds.),EnrichedMethane, GreenEnergyandTechnology,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22192-2_1