Enhancing Ambition through International Cooperative Initiatives

104 Pages·2014·1.91 MB·English

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Enhancing Ambition through
International Cooperative Initiatives
Enhancing Ambition through
International Cooperative Initiatives
International Cooperative Initiatives (ICIs) could hold
significant promise for closing the global emissions gap
between a pathway to a 2°C warming limit and current
national emission reduction pledges.
This report examines a selection of these ICIs to explore their
potential for delivering additional greenhouse gas mitigation
and for raising ambition at national and international levels.
It concludes that there are a range of ICIs already making an
important contribution. Many have potential to scale-up their
activities and could offer promising new channels for public
climate finance.
TemaNord 2014:518
ISBN 978-92-893-2746-6
ISBN 978-92-893-2747-3 (EPUB)
ISSN 0908-6692
TN2014518 omslag 2.indd 1 17-03-2014 10:56:18

Enhancing Ambition
through International
Cooperative Initiatives

Nicholas Harrison, Nicolette Bartlett, Niklas Höhne, Nadine Braun,
Thomas Day, Yvonne Deng and Sandrine Dixson-Declève

TemaNord 2014:518
Enhancing Ambition through International Cooperative Initiatives

Nicholas Harrison, Nicolette Bartlett, Niklas Höhne, Nadine Braun, Thomas Day, Yvonne Deng
and Sandrine Dixson-Declève

ISBN 978-92-893-2746-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-518

TemaNord 2014:518
ISSN 0908-6692
© Nordic Council of Ministers 2014
Layout: Hanne Lebech
Cover photo: ImageSelect

This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Howev-
er, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recommendations of
the Nordic Council of Ministers.

www.norden.org/en/publications

Nordic co-operation
Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland.
Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important
role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community
in a strong Europe.
Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global
community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most
innovative and competitive.

Nordic Council of Ministers
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Content
Preface........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 9
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 13
1.2 The role of ICIs in the international negotiation process under the
UNFCCC .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.3 Objectives of this study................................................................................................. 15
2. Identification and assessment of ICIs in sector wedges ................................................ 17
2.1 Renewables: Boost solar photovoltaic and wind energy ................................. 21
2.2 Energy efficiency: Building heating and cooling ................................................. 26
2.3 Energy efficiency: Ban of incandescent lamps ..................................................... 32
2.4 Energy efficiency: Electric appliances ..................................................................... 35
2.5 Energy efficiency: Cars & trucks emission reduction ........................................ 40
2.6 Energy efficiency: Maritime transport .................................................................... 44
2.7 Fossil fuels subsidy reform ......................................................................................... 49
2.8 Fluorinated greenhouse gases ................................................................................... 53
2.9 Reduce deforestation .................................................................................................... 57
2.10 Short-Lived Climate Forcers ....................................................................................... 64
3. Identification and preliminary assessment of ICIs in actor wedges .......................... 69
3.1 Top 1,000 companies .................................................................................................... 69
3.2 Supply chain emissions reductions .......................................................................... 70
3.3 Green Financial Institutions ....................................................................................... 71
3.4 Major cities........................................................................................................................ 72
4. ICI design ........................................................................................................................................ 75
4.1 Ensuring additional impact from ICIs ..................................................................... 75
4.2 ICIs as a climate financing channel........................................................................... 79
4.3 Options for the role of the UNFCCC and other organisations ......................... 82
5. Summary and recommendations ........................................................................................... 87
5.1 Additionality and double-counting .......................................................................... 87
5.2 International overview of, and support to, ICIs ................................................... 88
5.3 Promising channels for Nordic support ................................................................. 89
References ............................................................................................................................................. 93
Sammendrag ......................................................................................................................................... 95
Appendix: Full list of ICIs................................................................................................................. 99

Preface
There is wide recognition that the current global emissions pathway –
with the reduction pledges on the table in the UNFCCC – is unsustaina-
ble and leads to some 3.5–4.0 °C average warming over preindustrial
levels. According to the 2013 UNEP Emissions Gap Report, a gap of
some 8–12 Gt CO2e in 2020 still exists between predicted emissions
and the emissions level with a likely probability of being on track to
stay below the 2 °C target. COP 18 in December 2012 decided “to iden-
tify and to explore in 2013 options for a range of actions that can close
this pre-2020 ambition gap with a view to identifying further activities
for its plan of work in 2014.”
International Cooperative Initiatives (ICIs), where mitigation ambi-
tion is enhanced outside the UNFCCC framework as a complement to
Party pledges for those Parties and / or other stakeholders that wish to
do so, can be one possible option to help close the pre-2020 ambition
gap. The number of ICIs is growing and they offer many possibilities to
support, and go beyond, pledges. The Nordic countries have also been
active in this regard – e.g. with REDD+, renewable energy, energy effi-
ciency, in the Friends of the Fossil Fuel Reform (FFFSR) and in the Cli-
mate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC). The Nordic Council of Ministers has
laid emphasis on black carbon in the Arctic and on the reform of fossil
fuel subsidies.
This report examines a selection of ICIs and their potential to raise
ambition and to generate additional greenhouse gas mitigation. The
study concentrates on ICIs in areas where Nordic countries are already
active or which they find interesting. A wide range of actions have been
identified for Nordic countries and others to pursue.
Ecofys and University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability
Leadership have carried out the study for NOAK, a working group under
the Nordic Council of Ministers. The aim of NOAK is to contribute to a
global and comprehensive agreement on climate change with ambitious
emission reduction commitments. To this end, the group prepares re-
ports and studies, conducts meetings and organizes conferences sup-
porting the Nordic negotiators in the UN climate negotiations.

Helsinki February 2014

Harri Laurikka
Chair of the Nordic Working Group
for Global Climate Negotiations
8 Enhancing Ambition through International Cooperative Initiatives