Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period PDF
Preview Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period
Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure Series Editor: Janusz Kacprzyk Daniel Watzenig Lisa-Marie Schicker Editors Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure Series Editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Theseries“LectureNotesinIntelligentTransportationandInfrastructure”(LNITI) publishes new developments and advances in the various areas of intelligent transportationandinfrastructure.Theintentistocoverthetheory,applications,and perspectivesonthestate-of-the-artandfuturedevelopmentsrelevanttotopicssuchas intelligenttransportationsystems,smartmobility,urbanlogistics,smartgrids,critical infrastructure, smart architecture, smart citizens, intelligent governance, smart architecture and construction design, as well as green and sustainable urban structures.Theseriescontainsmonographs,conferenceproceedings,editedvolumes, lecture notes and textbooks. Of particular value to both the contributors and the readershiparetheshortpublicationtimeframeandtheworld-widedistribution,which enablewideandrapiddisseminationofhigh-qualityresearchoutput. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15991 Daniel Watzenig Lisa-Marie Schicker (cid:129) Editors Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period 123 Editors DanielWatzenig Lisa-Marie Schicker Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH Graz,Steiermark, Austria Graz,Steiermark, Austria ISSN 2523-3440 ISSN 2523-3459 (electronic) Lecture Notesin Intelligent Transportation andInfrastructure ISBN978-3-030-60860-6 ISBN978-3-030-60861-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Automatedvehicleswillbeacceptedbycustomersandsocietyonlywhentheywill be deemed easy-to-use and fully reliable and safe regarding the planned manoeu- vres and their execution. A key challenge is to ensure safe vehicles handling with reduced driver attention. Especially for level 3 automated driving systems, an effective interaction between the driver and the automated vehicle plays an importantrole.Toactinharmonywithdriverexpectations,thesesystemsshouldbe engineered following a user-centric approach. User acceptance is particularly important for the design of, driver interfaces that will facilitate the transitions between human and automated driving. Moreover, the automated driving systems should be resilient to both system and driver failures and guarantee sufficient reliability and robustness in each and every situation in real world traffic. The introduction of automated vehicles into the existing traffic poses specific issues regarding safety, in particular during the transition period where there will be interactions with other vehicles (of any degree of automation or none) and other traffic participants such as pedestrians or cyclists. This topic was taken up by the Horizon2020 “Automated Road Transport” call in 2016. Out of the call entitled “Safety and end-user acceptance aspects of road automation in the transition per- iod”, three projects were funded, each dealing with a different angle on how to increase trust in conditionally automated vehicles: TrustVehicle TrustVehicle aims at advancing technical solutions for automated driving to better assess critical situations in mixed traffic scenarios and even under harsh environmental conditions, hence increasing safety far beyond the current levels. The project follows a user-centric approach and provides solutions which significantly increase reliability and trustworthiness of automated vehicles and contribute to end-user acceptance. BRAVE BRAVE’s approach assumes that the launch of automated vehicles on public roads will only be successful if a user centric approach is used where the technicalaspectsgohandinhandincompliancewithsocietalvalues,useracceptance, behaviouralintentions,roadsafety,social,economic,legalandethicalconsiderations. v vi Preface interACT The interACT project works towards the safe integration of AVs into mixed traffic environments. In order to do so, interACT analyses todays’ human-humaninteractionstrategies,andimplementandevaluatesolutionsforsafe, cooperative, andintuitive interactions between AVs andboththeiron-board driver and other traffic participants. Together, these three projects form the H2020-ART-04 cluster and are part of the ECSEL Mobility.E Lighthouse Initiative that supports the roadmap towards safe, electric, automated/autonomous and connected smart mobility. The main research activities and results achieved in TrustVehicle are presented in this book, complemented by results from BRAVE and interACT. The overall structure of the book is presented in the picture below. Expectations Interaction concepts Driver Monitoring Simulation Driving Simulator Demonstrators Proving Ground KPIs End-user acceptance Requirements Development Verification Scenarios/use cases Chapter1 Chapter2/3/4 Assessment6C/5harept Interaction Behaviour Objectives Sense-Plan-Act Simulation Driving Simulator Proving Ground Sensor and perception concepts ADAS functions (planning and control) The chapters build upon each other to draw a comprehensive picture, starting from the collection of the requirements for end user trust. It continues with the development of interaction and driver monitoring concepts as well as reliable sense-plan-act approaches and goes further to verification and assessment on three levels:insimulation,onthedrivingsimulatorandontesttracks.Thesestepsshould pave our way to trustworthy and reliable automated vehicles—so called TrustVehicles. The present book on trustworthiness and end user acceptance of conditionally automated vehicles provides an overview of current and emerging technological challenges. We hope that the reader will be inspired by the different chapters selected. Preface vii Finally, we would like to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to all authors and co-authors, who made the publication of this book possible. Graz, Austria Daniel Watzenig August 2020 Lisa-Marie Schicker Contents HowShouldTrustVehiclesBehave?Trustworthiness,UserAcceptance and Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lisa-Marie Schicker, Daniel Watzenig, Ahu Ece Hartavi, and Micaela Troglia Bridging Gaps for the Adoption of Automated Vehicles—BRAVE Aspects for TrustVehicles—Development of Innovative HMIs to Increase Acceptance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Clemens Kraetsch, Gabriella Eriksson, Niklas Strand, Florent Anon, Jan-Paul Leuteritz, and Bernhard Schrauth How Should TrustVehicles interACT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Mikko Tarkiainen, Merja Penttinen, Kimmo Kauvo, Ersun Sözen, Marc Wilbrink, and Marc Kaup Reliable Sense-Plan-Act Approaches for TrustVehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Ahu Ece Hartavi, Tarek Kabbani, Pouria Sarhadi, Abhishek Shah Alias Sangani, Johan Zaya, Stephanie Maroun, MonaSaleh,SrinathShanmugam,AshokKrishna,JibinOu,ErsunSözen, Eren Aydemir, and Samia Ahiad TrustVehicle Verification Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Bernhard Hillbrand, Pamela Innerwinkler, Georg Stettinger, Ahu Ece Hartavi, Kemal Rodoplu, Ali Demir, Talat Büyükakin, ErsunSözen,ErenAydemir,PhilippClement,JohanZaya,SamiSahimäki, and Mikko Tarkiainen Assessment Concept for TrustVehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Philipp Clement, Herbert Danzinger, Philipp Quinz, Bernhard Hillbrand, Ahu Ece Hartavi, and Kübra Zehra Kasikci ix How Should TrustVehicles Behave? Trustworthiness, User Acceptance and Expectations Lisa-MarieSchicker,DanielWatzenig,AhuEceHartavi, andMicaelaTroglia Abstract TomakeaL3ADvehicletrustworthyandmaketheuserfeelcomfortable using such a vehicle is crucial for the adoption of automated vehicles. Such an automatedvehiclecannotbejustavehicleithastobeaTrustVehicle.Therefore,the TrustVehicleprojectpresentsanapproachtodefinehowavehicleshouldbehavein order tobe aTrustVehicleby collecting requirements inthe formof user concerns andexpectationsaswellasexpertopinions.Basedontheseresults,KeyPerformance Indicatorsaredefinedtomeasuretrustworthyvehiclebehaviourdividedinhuman, technologyandvehiclecategory.Finally,thedefinedtrustworthyvehiclebehaviour needstobebenchmarked.Thisisdonebyavarietyofusecases,dealingwithcomplex scenariosanddifferentdemonstratorvehiclestoreflectdiverseaspectsofcomplex trafficsituationsandconditions. · · Keywords Userexpectations Trustworthiness Conditionallyautomated · · driving L3AD Keyperformanceindicators B L.-M.Schicker( )·D.Watzenig VirtualVehicleResearchGmbH,Graz,Austria e-mail:[email protected] D.Watzenig e-mail:[email protected] A.E.Hartavi UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK e-mail:[email protected] M.Troglia CISCSemiconductorGmbH,Klagenfurt,Austria e-mail:[email protected] ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1 D.WatzenigandL.Schicker(eds.),EnhancedTrustworthinessandEndUserAcceptance ofConditionallyAutomatedVehiclesintheTransitionPeriod,LectureNotesinIntelligent TransportationandInfrastructure,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3_1
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