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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT® English Sentence Builder SECOND EDITION Ed Swick New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Dehli Singapore Sydney Toronto Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 1 9/27/17 9:11 AM Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-26-001924-7 MHID: 1-26-001924-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-001923-0, MHID: 1-26-001923-3. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Contents Introduction v 1 Declarative sentences and word order 1 2 Interrogative sentences 12 3 Questions and answers 23 4 Imperatives 32 5 Coordinating and correlative conjunctions 40 6 Subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs 46 7 Pronouns 57 8 Prepositions 70 9 Using adjectives 80 10 Using adverbs 91 11 Present and past participles 103 12 Using infinitives 110 13 Using gerunds 118 14 Idioms 126 15 Short responses and interjections 136 16 Antonyms and contrasts 141 iii Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 3 9/19/17 9:46 AM 17 The passive voice and the subjunctive mood 150 18 Phrasal verbs 161 19 Letter writing and e-mail 174 20 Let’s write! 184 21 Progress check 189 Answer key 203 iv Contents Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 4 9/19/17 9:46 AM Introduction Writing skills are usually the most difficult skills to acquire in a language. This is particularly true in a foreign language. The goal of this book is to reduce that dif- ficulty as it guides you through the various types of structures in the English language and illustrates how those structures combine to make sentences. Naturally, in order to acquire writing skills you have to write. Therefore, you will be provided with an abundance of writing exercises. Some will require a small variation in a given sentence. Others will provide you with a series of words that you form into an appropriate sentence. And you will have plenty of opportunity for coming up with original sentences of your own. This development of writing better English sentences moves gradually and with careful explanation from the least complex activity to the most complex.  Make changes to given sentences. Combine a series of words as a sentence. Writing skills developed Write original sentences. In addition to the illustrations of how structures combine to form sentences and to the exercises for practice, an Answer Key is provided at the end of the book. It includes not only the correct answers for the exercises but also sample sentences, with which you can compare your original sentences. The final chapter, Chapter 21, is a Progress Check, which can help you determine what areas of struc- ture you might want to review in order to improve how you use certain grammati- cal concepts. Good sentence writing is not an impossible task, but it requires analysis and practice and a willingness to apply concepts and rules consistently. Let this book guide you, and you will discover a new confidence for writing more successfully in English. Have fun and write well! v Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 5 9/19/17 9:46 AM This page intentionally left blank Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 6 9/19/17 9:46 AM Declarative sentences ·1· and word order Declarative sentences in English consist of a subject and predicate. The verb in the predicate is conjugated appropriately for the subject and in a specific tense: subject 1 predicate Mary 1 speaks English. Let’s look at some examples that illustrate this. Declarative sentences can have a singular or plural noun as their subject and can be followed by a verb in any tense and by the complement of the sentence. John repairs the car. The boys ran into the forest. Other declarative sentences use a pronoun as their subject, and again the tense of the sentence can vary. She has never been to England. singular-pronoun subject, present-perfect-tense verb We shall visit them soon. plural-pronoun subject, future-tense verb Since English verbs can show an incomplete action or one in progress (he is going) or a completed or habitual action (he goes), when changing tenses, you have to conform to the type of action of the verb. For example: he is going, he was going, he has been going he goes, he went, he has gone The conjugation of English verbs is, with few exceptions, a relatively simple matter, but using the proper tenses of verbs is something else. It is particularly important to understand the tense differences between verbs that describe an action in progress and verbs that describe a completed or habitual action. Incomplete actions Let’s look at some sentences that illustrate the meaning of incomplete actions—or ones in progress—in the present, past, and future tenses. Note that in some cases, it is an interruption of some kind that causes the action to be incomplete. (To the right of the examples are italicized clarifications that will help you fully understand the example sentences.) 1 Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 1 9/19/17 9:46 AM Present tense He is washing the car. He has not finished. The car still has some dirty spots. We are building a tree house. The tree house is not yet finished. Past tense I was sleeping when he called. I didn’t finish my nap. His call interrupted my sleep. The men were working in the mine The work in the mine is unfinished, because but suddenly quit. the men quit. Future tense He will be playing in a rock band. There is no apparent end to his job in the band. Sarah will be needing more money. There is no apparent end to Sarah’s need for money. Completed actions Compare those examples with the following sentences that illustrate verbs that describe completed or habitual actions: Present tense He washes the car every Sunday. His habit is to wash the car on Sunday. They live in the capital. Their regular place of residence is the capital. Past tense The puppy slept with me every night. The puppy’s habit was to sleep with me. I worked in Mexico for five years. My work for five years was in Mexico. I work elsewhere now. Future tense He will play a hymn for us on the piano. He is going to play the hymn just once. Uncle Bill will arrive today. Uncle Bill will arrive today only once. The perfect tenses conform to the same kinds of meanings. For example: Incomplete action or one in progress He has been washing the car for three hours. I had been sleeping in the den. The men will have been working on it for twenty-four hours by tomorrow. Completed or habitual action They have lived here since June. The pup had never slept so long before. Uncle Bill will have arrived home by the time we get there. 2 Practice Makes Perfect English Sentence Builder Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 2 9/19/17 9:46 AM Exercise 1·1 Rewrite the following declarative sentences in the missing tenses. 1. a. Present Past Thomas found the wallet. b. Present perfect c. Past perfect d. Future 2 Present The men are trying to raze the barn. a. Past b. Present perfect c. Past perfect d. Future 3. a. Present b. Past c. Present perfect d. Past perfect Future They will drop by at two p.m. 4. a. Present b. Past Present perfect She has been working here as a counselor. c. Past perfect d. Future 5. Present I have no time. a. Past b. Present perfect c. Past perfect d. Future 6. a. Present b. Past c. Present perfect Past perfect The wealthy couple had traveled the world on their yacht. d. Future Declarative sentences and word order 3 Swick_PMP English Sentence.indd 3 9/19/17 9:46 AM