English Legal System

473 Pages·2009·2.438 MB·English

by  Catherine Elliott

cathErinE Elliott
English Legal System E E cathErinE Elliott s
e
s c
s n o
n
E g d
EssEntial casEs and matErials n e
d
t l
ia is English Legal itio
second edition n
l h

c

a L System
'Excellent diversity of materials with a comfortable balance between government
s
material and academic material.' Rosemary Higgott, University of Wolverhampton E e
s
g

a
a
n
English Legal System, Essential Cases and Materials contains handpicked cases, statutes and
d l essential cases
other sources for law students. It saves time by bringing together a wide range of topical and
S
relevant material and is designed to be more concise and user-friendly than other cases and m
materials books, with the same clear style and layout that has made the Elliott & Quinn textbooks a y
so popular. t and materials
s
E
r
• Materials are organised by topics covered in most undergraduate course syllabi, making it easy t
i
a e
to match materials to lectures and tutorials.
l m
• Topical and recent material and cases are included, alongside historically important decisions, s
to support comprehensive development of legal knowledge.
• Online support is provided through the companion website located at
www.mylawchamber.co.uk/elliottquinnelscases and includes regular case and
second
legislation updates, weblinks, and a glossary.
edition
• English Legal System, Essential Cases and Materials is designed to be used as a resource in
its own right or alongside Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn's English Legal System textbook.

Catherine Elliott is a qualified Barrister and Lecturer in Law at City University, London. She has
extensive experience of teaching law.
E
l
l
i
o
t
t
www.pearson-books.com
Cover © amanaimages/Corbis
CVR_ELLI5127_02_SE_CVR.indd 1 28/4/09 11:19:51
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page i
English Legal System
Essential Cases and Materials
ENLS_A01.qxd 27/4/09 02:48 PM Page ii
(cid:74)(cid:94)(cid:91)(cid:22)(cid:59)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:95)(cid:101)(cid:106)(cid:106)(cid:22)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:107)(cid:95)(cid:100)(cid:100)(cid:22)(cid:73)(cid:91)(cid:104)(cid:95)(cid:91)(cid:105)
(cid:92)(cid:101)(cid:104)(cid:22)(cid:106)(cid:94)(cid:91)(cid:22)(cid:88)(cid:91)(cid:105)(cid:106)(cid:22)(cid:105)(cid:106)(cid:87)(cid:104)(cid:106)(cid:22)(cid:95)(cid:100)(cid:22)(cid:98)(cid:87)(cid:109)
(cid:73)(cid:93)(cid:94)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:103)(cid:90)(cid:99)(cid:100)(cid:108)(cid:99)(cid:90)(cid:89)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:106)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:98)(cid:21)(cid:89)(cid:103)(cid:86)(cid:108)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:99)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:94)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:90)(cid:109)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:99)(cid:104)(cid:94)(cid:107)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:90)(cid:109)(cid:101)(cid:90)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:90)(cid:99)(cid:88)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:100)(cid:21)
(cid:87)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:92)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:99)(cid:21)(cid:106)(cid:99)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:97)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:104)(cid:90)(cid:97)(cid:90)(cid:88)(cid:105)(cid:94)(cid:100)(cid:99)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:91)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:109)(cid:105)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:21)(cid:101)(cid:103)(cid:100)(cid:107)(cid:94)(cid:89)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:86)(cid:97)(cid:21)(cid:88)(cid:97)(cid:86)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:99)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:21)
(cid:88)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:103)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:91)(cid:21)(cid:97)(cid:86)(cid:108)(cid:35)

(cid:73)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:58)(cid:97)(cid:97)(cid:94)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:105)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:70)(cid:106)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:99)(cid:21)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:94)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:104)(cid:106)(cid:101)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:89)(cid:21)(cid:87)(cid:110)(cid:21)(cid:98)(cid:110)(cid:97)(cid:86)(cid:108)(cid:88)(cid:93)(cid:86)(cid:98)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:108)(cid:90)(cid:87)(cid:104)(cid:94)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:33)(cid:21)
(cid:108)(cid:93)(cid:94)(cid:88)(cid:93)(cid:21)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:88)(cid:97)(cid:106)(cid:89)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:103)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:106)(cid:97)(cid:86)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:106)(cid:101)(cid:89)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:100)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:97)(cid:86)(cid:108)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:99)(cid:89)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:21)(cid:103)(cid:86)(cid:99)(cid:92)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:91)(cid:21)(cid:103)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:103)(cid:88)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:21)
(cid:91)(cid:103)(cid:100)(cid:98)(cid:21)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:105)(cid:90)(cid:103)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:105)(cid:94)(cid:107)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:102)(cid:106)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:94)(cid:100)(cid:99)(cid:104)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:99)(cid:89)(cid:21)(cid:90)(cid:109)(cid:86)(cid:98)(cid:21)(cid:86)(cid:89)(cid:107)(cid:94)(cid:88)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:100)(cid:21)(cid:108)(cid:90)(cid:87)(cid:97)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:96)(cid:104)(cid:33)(cid:21)(cid:91)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:106)(cid:89)(cid:90)(cid:99)(cid:105)(cid:104)(cid:21)
(cid:105)(cid:100)(cid:21)(cid:106)(cid:104)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:103)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:92)(cid:93)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:105)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:94)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:88)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:103)(cid:104)(cid:90)(cid:35)
(cid:59)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:91)(cid:106)(cid:103)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:91)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:98)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:94)(cid:100)(cid:99)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:21)(cid:105)(cid:100)(cid:21)(cid:100)(cid:103)(cid:89)(cid:90)(cid:103)(cid:21)
(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:90)(cid:104)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:87)(cid:100)(cid:100)(cid:96)(cid:104)(cid:33)(cid:21)(cid:101)(cid:97)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:104)(cid:90)(cid:21)(cid:107)(cid:94)(cid:104)(cid:94)(cid:105)(cid:47)
(cid:109)(cid:109)(cid:109)(cid:36)(cid:102)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:91)(cid:90)(cid:36)(cid:89)(cid:101)(cid:36)(cid:107)(cid:97)(cid:37)(cid:98)(cid:87)(cid:109)
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page iii
English Legal System
Essential Cases and Materials
Second Edition
Catherine Elliott
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page iv
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published2006
Second edition published 2009
© Pearson Education Limited 2006, 2009
The right of Catherine Elliott to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior
written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Crown Copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of
HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.
Law Commission Reports are reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence.
ISBN: 978-1-4082-2512-7
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Elliott, Catherine, 1966–
English legal system : essential cases and materials / Catherine Elliott. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: English legal system sourcebook, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4082-2512-7 (pbk.)
1. Law—Great Britain. 2. Justice, Administration of—Great Britain. 3. Courts—
Great Britain. I. Elliott, Catherine, 1966– English legal system sourcebook. II. Title.
KD658.E43 2009
349.42—dc22
2009009543
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13 12 11 10 09
Typeset in 9/12.5 pt Stone Serif by 35
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hants
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page v
Brief contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Table of cases xxii
Table of statutes xxv
Table of statutory instruments xxviii
Table of treaties xxix
Table of secondary legislation of the European Communities xxx
Part 1 SOURCES OF LAW
1 Case law 3
2 Statute law 20
3 Statutory interpretation 30
4 Delegated legislation 52
5 European law 59
6 Custom 72
7 Equity 75
8 Treaties 80
9 Law reform 85
Part 2 PEOPLE WORKING IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM

10 Judges 97
11 The legal professions 129
12 The jury system 157
13 Magistrates 183
14 The administration of justice 191
Part 3 HUMAN RIGHTS
15 Introduction to human rights 201
16 Remedies for the infringement of human rights 224
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page vi
vi Brief contents
Part 4 DISPUTE RESOLUTION
17 Paying for legal services 237
18 The police 262
19 The criminal trial process 294
20 Sentencing 311
21 Young offenders 330
22 The civil justice system 341
23 Tribunals 356
24 Appeals and judicial review 366
25 Alternative methods of dispute resolution 410
Index 420
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page vii
Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Table of cases xxii
Table of statutes xxv
Table of statutory instruments xxviii
Table of treaties xxix
Table of secondary legislation of the European Communities xxx
Part 1 SOURCES OF LAW
1 Case law 3
Introduction 3
A new Supreme Court 4
• Constitutional Reform: A Supreme Court for the UK (2003),
Consultation Paper 4
Judicial response to Supreme Court reform 6
• The Law Lords’ Response to the Government’s Consultation Paper on
Constitutional Reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom 6
The House of Lords and judicial precedent 7
• Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent) 7
The Court of Appeal and judicial precedent 8
• R (Kadhim)vBrent London Borough Council Housing Benefit
Review Board(2001), CA 8
Judicial precedent and the Privy Council 9
• Attorney-General for JerseyvHolley(2005), PC 10
• RvJames and Karimi(2006), CA 12
How do judges really decide cases? 15
• Re A (Children)(2001), CA 15
2 Statute law 20
Introduction 20
Modernising Parliament 21
• The Governance of Britain (2007) 21
The role of the House of Lords 24
• R (Jackson and Others)vAttorney-General(2005), HL 24
Post-legislative scrutiny 28
• Post-Legislative Scrutiny – The Government’s Approach 28
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page viii
viii Contents
3 Statutory interpretation 30
Introduction 30
The literal rule 31
• FishervBell(1960), DC 31
The golden rule 32
• AdlervGeorge(1964), QBD 32
The mischief rule 33
• SmithvHughes(1960), HC 33
The purposive approach 35
• RvSecretary of State for Health ex parte Quintavalle (on behalf
of Pro-Life Alliance)(2003), HL 35
The limits of the purposive approach 38
• QuintavallevHuman Fertilisation and Embryology Authority(2005), HL 38
Reference to Hansard 40
• PeppervHart[1993], HL 40
Restrictions on referring to Hansard 41
• WilsonvFirst County Trust Ltd (No. 2)(2004), HL 41
Human Rights Act 1998 and statutory interpretation 43
• Attorney-General’s Reference No. 4 of 2002; SheldrakevDPP(2004), HL 43
Statutory interpretation and the Human Rights Act: further analysis 45
• GhaidanvGodin-Mendoza(2004), HL 45
4 Delegated legislation 52
Introduction 52
Case study of delegated legislation 53
• European Communities Act 1972 53
• Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 7 53
Power to make delegated legislation 55
• Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 55
• Explanatory Notes 56

5 European law 59
Introduction 59
Direct effect 60
• Van DuynvHome Office(1974), ECJ 60
European Constitution 63
• The European Union’s Constitution 63
The Reform Treaty – brief overview 67
• The Reform Treaty 67
• The Impact of the Reform Treaty 70
6 Custom 72
Introduction 72
Custom in contract law 73
• HuttonvWarren(1836), Court of Exchequer 73
ENLS_A01.qxd 22/4/09 09:12 AM Page ix
Contents ix
Custom in international law 74
• Customary Law Study Enhances Legal Protection of Persons Affected
by Armed Conflict 74
7 Equity 75
Introduction 75
Equitable maxims 76
• ChappellvTimes Newspapers Ltd(1975) 76
Delay defeats equities 76
• LeafvInternational Galleries(1950) 76
Equity in practice 77
• Central London Property Trust LimitedvHigh Trees House
Limited(1947) 78
8 Treaties 80
Introduction 80
The Treaty on European Union 81
• The Treaty on European Union 81
Ratification of treaties 82
• The Governance of Britain – Constitutional Renewal (2008) 82
9 Law reform 85
Introduction 85
The Law Commission 86
• Quinquennial Review of the Law Commission (March 2003) 86
Protocol between the government and the Law Commission 87
• Working Together to Deliver the Benefits of Clear, Simple and
Modern Law (2006) 87
Inquiries Act 2005 91
• Effective Inquiries (2004) 91

Controversy surrounding the Inquiries Act 2005 92
• Amnesty International Urges Judiciary Not to Partake in Inquiry Sham 92
Part 2 PEOPLE WORKING IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM
10 Judges 97
Introduction 97
Independence of the judiciary 98
• RvBow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and Others,
ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 2)(1999), HL 98
Judges and the executive 103
• Relations between the Executive, the Judiciary and Parliament (2007) 103