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Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет EENNGGLLIISSHH IINN BBIIOOMMEEDDIICCIINNEE Третьяк С.В. Солдатенко В.А. 1 Волгоград, 2005 УДК 42:57:61(075) ББК 81.2:28.0:5 Рекомендовано УМО по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию вузов России в качестве учебного пособия для студентов медицинских вузов. Рецензенты: Доктор педагогических наук, член-корр. МОНПО, профессор кафедры английской филологии Волгоградского государственного педагогического университета Мещерякова Е.В. Кандидат филологических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков с курсом латинского языка Ростовского государственного медицинского университета Соболева Т.А. English in Biomedicine : Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов I курса медико-биологических факультетов медицинских вузов/ Сост. Третьяк С.В., Солдатенко В.А. – Волгоград, 2005. - Учебное пособие разработано на кафедре иностранных языков с курсом латинского языка Волгоградского государственного медицинского университета. Содержание пособия направлено на развитие навыков устной речи, реферирования и перевода профессионально-ориентированных текстов. К пособию прилагается грамматический справочник и глоссарий. Составители: Третьяк Светлана Владимировна – кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков с курсом латинского языка ВолГМУ; Солдатенко Валентина Александровна – старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков с курсом латинского языка ВолГМУ. 2 Предисловие English in Biomedicine – учебное пособие, предназначенное, в первую очередь, студентам медико-биологических факультетов медицинских вузов. Данное пособие также может быть использовано студентами других естественно-научных факультетов, а также научными сотрудниками, желающими изучать английский язык и совершенствовать владение им. Работа с пособием предполагает базовое знание английского языка в объеме средней школы. Упражнения и задания, направленные на повторение грамматического материала и активизацию его в устной речи, а также задания по реферированию и переводу аутентичных научных и научно-популярных текстов ориентированы на развитие практических навыков использования английского языка в целях профессионального и личностного развития. 3 Contents Introduction. Biology as a science 2 Unit I. Seven levels of life organization 2 Unit 2. Molecular organization 6 Unit 3. Cellular organization 13 Unit 4. Colonial organization 27 Unit 5. Inheritance 33 Unit 6. Organ level of organization 41 Chapter 1. Nutrition and energy supply 41 Chapter 2. Why organisms need transport and 51 exchange mechanisms Chapter 3. Blood and circulatory system 56 Unit 7. Control systems 62 Supplementary reading 71 Grammar supplement 84 4 Biology as a science Unit I. Seven levels of life organization Biology covers a wide field of information over a considerable size range. On the one hand it involves the movements of electrons in photosynthesis and on the other the migrations of individuals around the earth. Within this range it is possible to recognize seven levels of organization, each of which forms the basis of the next. The most fundamental unit is the atom; atoms group to form molecules, which in turn may be organized into cells. Cells are grouped into tissues which collectively form organs, which form organisms. A group of organisms of a single species may form a population. Unit 1. Atomic organization Did you know? The most common element by number of atoms in the human body is hydrogen, 63%; next is oxygen, 25,5% Essential Vocabulary Amount to absorb abundant atom to contain available calcium to cover considerable cause to detect charged cell to destroy deoxyribonucleic (acid) damage to detect equal electron to emit neutral hydrogen to exceed rapidly ion to except selectively isomer to exist similar 5 isotope to gain loss to involve matter to maintain molecule to pass neutron to promote nitrogen to release nucleus to remain oxygen to spin particle to trace property to vaporize range sample species synthesis tissue variety 1. Назовите прилагательные, образованные от существительных: Cell, hydrogen, ion, molecule, nucleus, synthesis, vein. 2. Дополните соответствия по образцу: cause – to cause; ? --- to absorb; cover --- ? ? --- to contain; charge --- ? ? --- to contribute; existence --- ? ? --- to heat; synthesis --- ? ? --- to transform. Аналитическое чтение. Atoms are the smallest units of a chemical element that can exist independently. They comprise a nucleus which contains positively charged particles called protons, the number of which is referred to as the atomic number. For each proton there is a particle of equal negative charge called an electron, so the atom has no overall charge. The electrons are not within the nucleus, but orbit in fixed quantum shells around it. There is a fixed limit to the number of electrons in any one shell. There may be up to seven such shells each with its own energy level; electrons in the shells nearest to the nucleus have the least energy. The addition of energy, e.g. in the form of heat or light, may promote an electron to a higher energy level within a shell. Such an electron almost immediately returns to its original level, releasing its 6 newly absorbed energy. This electron movement is important biologically in processes such as photosynthesis. The nucleus of the atom also contains particles called neutrons which have no charge. Protons and neutrons contribute to the mass of an atom, but electrons have such a comparatively small mass that their contribution is negligible. However, the number of electrons determines the chemical properties of an atom. Grammar 1. Глаголы to be, to have: функции и спряжение во временах Indefinite. 2. Артикли имен существительных. 3. Оборот there + be 4. Времена группы Indefinite Active 1. Найдите в тексте примеры употребления глаголов to be и to have. Определите их функцию в предложении и грамматическое время. 2. Прокомментируйте употребление артиклей в предложениях 1, 3, 6. 3. Найдите в тексте оборот there + be. Определите его грамматическое время, переведите предложения. 4. Измените следующие предложения во временах Indefinite. Составьте вопросительную и отрицательную форму. a) Atoms comprise a nucleus which contains positively charged particles. b) An electron immediately returns to its original level. c) Protons and neutrons contribute to the mass of an atom. d) The number of electrons determines the chemical properties of an atom. Summary Прочтите тексты, пользуясь словарем, найдите наиболее важные в смысловом отношении предложения (фрагменты). Кратко изложите содержание текстов на английском языке (не более 4-5 предложений по каждому тексту). 1.1 Ions Atoms do not have any overall charge because the number of protons is always the same as the number of electrons and both have equal, but opposite, charges. If an atom loses or gains electrons it becomes an ion. The addition of electrons produces a negative ion while the loss of electrons gives rise to a positive ion. The loss of an electron is called oxidation, while the gain of an electron is called reduction. The atom losing an electron is said to be oxidized, while that gaining an electron is said to 7 be reduced. The loss of an electron from a hydrogen atom, for instance, would leave a hydrogen ion, comprising just a single proton. Having an overall positive charge it is written as H+. Where an atom, e.g. calcium, loses two electrons its overall charge is more positive and it is written Ca 2+. The process is similar where atoms gain electrons, except that the overall charge is negative, e.g. Cl-. Ions may comprise more than one type of atom, e.g. the sulphate ion is formed from one sulphur and four oxygen atoms, with the addition of two electrons, SO 2-. 4 1.2 Isotopes The properties of an element are determined by the number of protons and hence electrons it possesses. If protons (positively charged) are added to an element, then an equivalent number of electrons (negatively charged) must be added to maintain an overall neutral charge. The properties of the element would then change - indeed it now becomes a new element. For example, the addition of one proton, one electron and one neutron to the carbon atom, transforms it into a nitrogen atom. If, however, a neutron (not charged) is added, there is no need for an additional electron and so its properties remain the same. As neutrons have mass, the element is heavier. Elements which have the same chemical properties as the normal element but have a different mass are called isotopes. Isotopes can be traced by various means, even when incorporated in living matter. This makes them exceedingly useful in tracing the route of certain elements in a variety of biological processes. Translation Biology in medicine. Using isotopes as traces Isotopes are varieties of atoms which differ in their mass. They are usually taken up and used in biological systems in the same way as the 'normal' form of the element, but they can be detected because they have different properties. Isotopes have been used to study photosynthesis, respiration, DNA replication and protein synthesis. Isotopes such as 15C and 13C are not radioactive and so do not decay but they can be detected using a mass spectrometer or a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. To use a mass spectrometer the sample to be studied is vaporized is such a way that the molecules become charged. They then pass through a magnetic field which deflects them and the machine records the abundance of each ion with a particular charge: mass ratio. Isotopes with an uneven number of protons or electrons spin, like spinning bar magnets. A NMR spectrometer detects each type of spinning nucleus. Radioisotopes can be used both for diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as for research into possible causes. A particularly important isomer used to study lung and heart complaints is 99mtechnetium. It has a halt life of only 6 hours and so decays very rapidly. It can be used as an aerosol, in very low concentrations, to show 8 up available air spaces in patients' lungs. It may be used to label red blood cells so that the distribution of blood within the spaces of the heart or in deep veins can be shown. This is useful if there is a possibility of blood clots having formed. The radiation emitted by a radioisotope can be used to destroy damaged tissue. For example 131iodine is taken up selectively by the thyroid gland and can be used in carefully calculated doses to destroy a specific amount of that gland. Unit 2. Molecular organization Essential vocabulary aldehyde to accelerate aqueous arrangement to alter amphoteric balance to assist essential bonding to constitute exact branch to contract favourable breakdown to dissolve fatty (acid) carbohydrate to resist gastric (juice) carbon dioxide to require inner carrier to reduce liquid chain to solve osmotic chlorophyll to yield outer deficiency ribonucleic (acid) deoxyribose saturated enzyme soluble environment toxic gravity vital haemoglobin variable hormone intake kidney leakage malformation membrane metabolism nitrate nucleotide quantity source urine vitamin 9 Назовите прилагательные, соответствующие существительным: Deficiency, enzyme, environment, hormone, kidney, membrane, metabolism. Аналитическое чтение. Now we know that the electron shells around an atom may each contain a maximum number of electrons. The shell nearest to the nucleus may possess a maximum of two electrons and the next shell a maximum of eight. An atom is most stable, i.e. least reactive, when its outer electron shell contains the maximum possible number of electrons. For example, helium, with a full complement of two electrons in its outer shell, is inert. In a hydrogen atom, the electron shell has a single electron and so the atom is unstable. If two hydrogen atoms share their electrons, they form a hydrogen molecule, which is more stable. The two atoms are effectively combined and the molecule is written as H . The sharing of electrons in order to produce stable 2 molecules is called covalent bonding. 2.1 Inorganic ions Water is the most important inorganic molecule in biology. Dissolved in the water within living organisms are a large number of inorganic ions. Typically they constitute about 1% of an organism by weight, but they are nonetheless essential. They are divided into two groups: the macronutrients or major elements which are needed in very small quantities, and the micronutrients or trace elements which are needed in minute amounts (a few parts per million). Although the elements mostly fall into the same category for plants and animals, there are a few exceptions. Chlorine, for example, is a major element in animals but a trace element in plants. In addition to the essential elements listed in Table 2.1, some organisms also have specific requirements such as vanadium, chromium and silicon. Table 2.1. Macronutrients/ Functions Notes Major elements Nitrate No - Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, Deficiency in animals and 3 Ammonium proteins, vitamins, coenzymes, nucleotides humans is not vital. NH + and chlorophyll. Some hormones contain 4 nitrogen, e.g. auxins in plants and insulin in animals. Phosphate PO 3- A component of nucleotides and some In animals and humans, 4 Orthophosphate proteins. Used in the phosphorylation of deficiency can result in a H PO - sugars in respiration. A major constituent of form of bone malformation 2 4 bone and teeth. A component of cell called rickets. membranes in the form of phospholipids. Sulphate SO 2- Sulphur is a component of some proteins and Deficiency in animals and 4 certain coenzymes, e.g. acetyl coenzyme A. humans is not vital. 10