English Historical Facts 1485–1603 PDF
Preview English Historical Facts 1485–1603
ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS 1485-1603 Other titles already published BRITISH HISTORICAL FACTS 1830-1900 (Chris Cook and Brendan Keith) EUROPEAN POLITICAL FACTS 1848-1918 (Chris Cook and John Paxton) EUROPEAN POLITICAL FACTS 1918-1973 (Chris Cook and John Paxton) in preparation BRITISH HISTORICAL FACTS 1603-1688 (Chris Cook and John Wroughton) BRITISH HISTORICAL FACTS 1760-1830 (Chris Cook and John Stevenson) EUROPEAN POLITICAL FACTS 1789-1848 (Chris Cook and John Paxton) Other books by Chris Cook THE AGE OF ALIGNMENT: ELECTORAL POLITICS IN BRITAIN 1922-1929 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBERAL PARTY 1900-1976 By-ELECTIONS IN BRITISH POLITICS (ed. with John Ramsden) THE POLITICS OF REAPPRAISAL 1918-1939 (ed. with Gillian Peele) THE DECADE OF DISILLUSION (ed. with David McKie) THE LONGMAN ATLAS OF MODERN BRITISH HISTORY 1700-1970 (with John Stevenson) CRISIS AND CONTROVERSY: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF A. J. P. TAYLOR (ed. with Alan Sked) SOURCES IN BRITISH POLITICAL HISTORY 1900-1951 (with Philip Jones et al.) THE SLUMP: SOCIETY AND POLITICS DURING THE DEPRESSION (with John Stevenson) ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS 1485-1603 Ken Powell and Chris Cook © Ken Powell and Chris Cook 1977 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission Firstpublished 1977 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore and Tokyo ISBN 978-1-349-01915-1 ISBN 978-1-349-01913-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-01913-7 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements vii Crown and Central Government The Monarchy and the Household The Privy Council 14 The Seals and the Secretary 18 Royal Finance 23 2 Parliament Introductory Note 27 Composition 27 Parliamentary Sessions 35 Franchise and Qualifications 36 Officers of the House 36 The Growth of Privilege and Procedure 38 3 The Judicature and the Courts In trod ucti on 41 The Ancient Courts 42 King's Bench Common Pleas Chancery Exchequer The Conciliar Courts 45 Star Chamber Requests Admiralty High Commission 4 Local Government Introduction 50 Justices of the Peace 56 Regional Councils 58 Assizes 73 Minor Courts 76 Lords Lieutenant 77 5 The Church Introduction 83 v CONTENTS The English Dioceses 95 Administration Principal Dioceses and their Bishops The Religious Orders 101 Chronology 106 The Bible 130 6 Education Schools 135 Introduction Major Foundations and Refoundations Chronology Universities 140 Introduction College Foundations Chancellors of Oxford Chancellors of Cambridge Chronology The Inns of Court 148 Literature and Learning 150 Introduction Chronology of Books Published 7 War, Rebellion and Diplomacy The Army 155 Weapons and Armaments 157 The Tudor Navy 158 Internal Rebellions 160 Invasions and Attempted Invasions of England 162 Expeditions 164 English Treaties 168 8 Scotland and Ireland Chronology of Events in Scotland 172 Chronology of Events in Ireland 176 9 Tudor Economic Legislation Introduction 179 Agricultural Legislation 179 The Poor Law 181 Gilds, Towns and Industries, Wages 184 Overseas Trade and Commerce 187 Coinage, Prices, Usury and Monopolies 192 10 Population and the Growth of Towns 197 11 Selected Tudor Biographies 206 Bibliographical Note 221 vi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume has attempted to present, within a single medium-sized book, a reference work on Tudor history that will be of value to teachers, to students and to research workers in this important period of English history. Within this book we have attempted to bring together as many of the important historical facts as can be reasonably assembled. Inevitably, however, no book of this type can be entirely comprehensive. In some areas (such as royal finance or estimates of Tudor population) the data is unreliable or indeed non-existent. Reasons of space also dictate the amount of information that can be presented. In any book of this sort, the compilers owe a deep debt both to existing published works and to individual scholars who have offered help and advice. The chapter on war, rebellion and diplomacy was compiled by Stephen Brooks. David Starkey and Lira Winston offered much informed advice. Dr. Anita Travers offered much valuable advice based on her expert know ledge of Tudor economic policy. A very special debt is owed to Professor A. G. Dickens, who gave very valuable advice at the outset. Professor Joel Hurstfield also offered advice on specialist points. Finally, we would like to appeal to scholars and others working in this field to point out any omissions or errors in this book, so that the volume may be expanded or enlarged in future editions. Ken Powell Chris Cook April 1977 vii 1 CROWN AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THE MONARCHY AND THE HOUSEHOLD THE MONARCHY BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OF THE TUDOR MONARCHS Henry VII (1485-1509) Born at Pembroke Castle, 28 January 1457, the son of Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond) and of Margaret Beaufort (great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the third son of King Edward III). Henry VII was proclaimed King on Bosworth Field by Sir William Stanley (22 August 1485). Subsequently crowned (30 October 1485) by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Cardinal Bourchier). On 18 January 1486, Henry married Elizabeth Plantagenet (born 11 February 1466), the eldest daughter of King Edward IV. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 at Richmond. The marriage produced the following children: (1) Arthur: Prince Arthur was born on 20 September 1486. To his original title of Duke of Cornwall were added the style of Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (29 November 1489). On 14 November 1501 he married the Infanta, Katherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand V of Spain). Arthur died, without issue, on 2 April 1502. (2) Margaret: Princess Margaret was born on 29 November 1489. She married King James IV of Scotland (8 August 1503). Her first child (James V, King of Scotland) was born on 15 April 1512. Her husband, James IV, died at Flodden Field (9 September 1513). Princess Margaret died on 18 October 1541. (3) Henry: Prince Henry (Henry VIII after 1509) was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich. On the death of his brother (Prince Arthur) he assumed the title of Duke of Cornwall. Created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 18 February 1504. For biographical details when King, see below. I ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS 1485-1603 (4) Mary: Born in March 1496. She married King Louis XII of France on 9 October 1514. Louis XII died only a short time later (on 1 January 1515) and there were no children of the marriage. Mary was married a second time (on 13 May 1515) to Sir Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Mary died on 25 June 1533; Suffolk on 22 February 1545. (5) Edmund: Born 21/22 February 1499. Created Duke of Somerset, the young Prince died on 19 June 1500. The other children of Henry VII also died in infancy. Henry VIII (1509-47) Born at Greenwich, 28 June 1491, the son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Succeeded to the throne, 22 April 1509. Crowned on 24 June, 1509. Died, 28 January 1547. In all, Henry made six marriages. These were (1) 11 June 1509, Katherine of Aragon Henry's marriage to Katherine, the widow of his deceased brother, Arthur, produced four children, who died almost at once, and Mary, who was born on 18 February 1516, and was crowned Queen of Eng land on 30 November 1553. The marriage to Katherine was declared null and void on 23 May 1533. The marriage was subsequently 'utterly dissolved' in March 1534 by Act of Parliament (25 Hen. VIII c.22). Katherine herself died on 8 January 1536 (2) 25 January 1533, Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, subsequently created Earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde. The marriage to Henry was declared valid on 28 May 1533. There were two children of the marriage. (i) a son, the Duke of Cornwall, was born in November 1534, but died in infancy. (ii) Elizabeth, who acceded to the throne on 17 November 1558. The marriage was declared invalid (17 May 1536) and Anne Boleyn was executed on 19 May 1536. (3) 30 May 1536, Jane Seymour Jane Seymour was the daughter of Sir John Seymour. The Queen died on 24 October 1537, having given birth to a son, Edward VI (q.v.). (4) 6 January 1540, Anne of Cleves Anne was the daughter of John, Duke of Cleves. Henry annulled the marriage on 9 July 1540. Anne died in Chelsea on 17 July 1557. (5) 28 July 1540, Catherine Howard Catherine Howard was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard and niece of the Duke of Norfolk. She was beheaded on 13 February 1542. (6) 12 July 1543, Catherine Parr Catherine Parr was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal. She 2
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