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GIFT OF HORACE W. CARPENTER -7^ /'"'^HU^^Û^J^ J Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/englishchinesediOOIobsrich ^ ^ M dfc -M- ENGLISH AND CHINESE DICTIONARY, WITH THE PUNTI AND MANDARIN PRONUNCIATION. BT THE REV. W. LOBSCHEID, KNIGHT OF FRANCIS JOSEPH; C.M.I.E.G.S.A; M.Z.B.S.V., &c., &c., &c. Mtillst till iti bas peiligtljum thtcs Wallxts briiigcit, Sij Imu b^ssen Sj^ratbe. FJLiRrn I. HONGKONG: PRINTEDAND PUBLISHED AT THE "DAILT PRESS" OFFICE, WTNDHAM STREET. 1866. INTHOBrCTIOX. The struggle of races has from that time been incessant in the south of China. Cruelties of the most savage nature have been perpetrated on both sides, liut the nation at large has made little impres- sion on the aborigines in the mountain fastnesses, whose habits are the same as they were 2,00() years ^ ago. The latter are, therefore, called the shang (green or raw) aborigines, whilst those living along ^ the plains and having partly submitted to Chinese rule, are called the shuk (ripe or civilized) aborigines. We have not as yet been able to ascertain, whether the language of the Miautsz is monosyllabic or polysyllabic. The few words we have seen of their own langimge incline us to believe, that it is monosyllabic, like the Tibetan. Ritter, Windischmann and rddhoff, who consider these tribes to be of the same race with the Tibetans, base their opinion chiefly upon the probable route of their migration, and hence conclude, that the language of the Miautsz belongs to the monosyllabic class. The history of the 100 families, so far as we accept it as authentic, constitutes the history of China. Their superior intellect and civilization impressed upon the conquered tribes their own character. Their institutions became the laws of the empire and though founded on the patriarchal system, the ; Hamitic element, or the more democratic form of government, had sufficient weight in their councils to assert the right of the conquered and to make the supreme powers acknowledge the tox populi to be the vox Dei. That the Chinese belong to the Mongolian stock is proved by tlieir complexion, by the pjTamidal shape of their skull, by their oblique eyes, and by their prominent cheek-bones. Whether the hundred families were Shemites or Japhetites, matters little, for their number appears to have been too small to produce anew race approaching nearerto the Caucasian type, than to thatof their immediate neighbours. Once establishexl in their present locality and surrounded by wandering herds, they felt little in- clination to go abroad or to mix with their less civilized neighbours. There was little to tempt them to conquest hence their Avhole warfare with their neighbours was defensive. ; The great extent of their country gave to the population of almost each province a peculiar character, which after being once established, appears in the form of small nationalities, as we meet them in Germany, Japan, and recently in an incipient state in the TJ. S, of America. The difference of climate has also produced great difference in their physical form, the inhabitants of the central and northern provinces being on the average taller and the women more corpulent than those of Kwangtung, Kwangsi and other southern provinces. The physiciil aspect of the country has in the same manner induced them to pui-sue different avocations. The inha])itants along the flats of Pechili, of the south of Shantung and Kiangsu are less enterprising than those of Chikiang, Pukien and Kwangtung; hence the language of the former is more uniform, whilst from Shanghai downwards along the coast almost each port has its own dialect, differing as much from that of its neighbours as the varieties of the Romapic and Gemianic tongues. Whether the striking difference of features of the Manc^hu and Japanese is owing to an early intercourse with the Caucasian race, can only be ascertained after a more intimate acquaintance with their language, legends and history. The many Greek and Gothic words in the Manchu language point to their intercourse with those nations, and lead us to conelude, that they formed a considerable contingent of the invaders of the west between the fourth and twelfth centuries of our era. Before the introduction of Mohammedanism into China, the Chinese appear to have never bad direct intercourse with the west. The potterj', snufl'-bottles &c. found in Egypt have been carried there by pilgrims to Mecca. Even at this moment we find everywhere Chinese who have visited jSIf'Cca, and some under rather precarious circumstances. Those who have not sufficient means to ])ay their ])assag(^ from station to station, take with them curiosities, as snuff-bottles or other valuable articles of small compass, which they sell to theu* fellow pilgiims or to other parties on tlicir route, as opportunities ofler. These articles find theu* way not only to Egypt, but are carried to all the Mohammedan states along the Mediterranean. • The seclusion of the Chinese as a natitm is one of the principal causes of the great vmiformity of theirphysiognomy. Wo occasionallymeetwithaperson whoma traderhasbroughtfitnna foreign country, and as these men ofmixetl origin are chiefly from Java, Singapore, Uorneo or the Philippines, they seldom differ much from the Chinese except in having a little darker complexion. .The few wi^ luive met with were chiefly in lloklo families, whilst during our short stay in Ja})an we saw several pn-sons with curly hair, a sufficient evidence of their parents' foreign origin. Note. The word Miautsz is equivalent with 2jS TQJ \ Puuti the North China Branch ofthe Royal Asiatic Sodetj, Dec jin, both sifftiifying aborigines. The Cluncso Hpenk of the Miaufszas wedoofuncivilizednatives ofthe noil, whilst Punti The accounts l>v Julien and others on the snuff-tmttlee and jin refers to the civilized natives ofthe south, i.e., the mixed Chinese ]M)tt<>ry have j>ot ri'achetl us. Tl»« |>roce<linp is noted race, in eontnulistinc^tion ofthe later intruders fromthenorth. downIroinjicrsoualohsorvitinnandcoraniuniiutions byChinese For further information on theâl)origrinal tribes see Journal of {ulgrims U> Mecca, " IK^RODTJCTION. 3 We cannot conclude this paragraph without giving the resume of Dr. Prichard's * observations on the Chinese or Mongolian race in general. " The stature is nearly similarin all these tribes; the Chinese being, perhaps, a little taller, and the Malays lower, than the others. In all it is below the European standard ; the average height of the Siamese is live feet three inches. The complexion in all this group of nations is lighter than that of most Asiatics on this side of the Ganges, by far the greater number being of a yellow colour The texture of the skin is remarkably smooth, soft, and shining." "The whole race displays a remarkable tendency to obesity. The nutritious fluids of the body are directed towards the surface, distending and overloading the cellular tissues with an inordinate quantity of fat. The muscular textures are in general soft, lax, and flabby, rarely exhibiting that strength or development of outline which marks the finer forms of the human body. In labourers and mechanics, pai'ticularly among the Chinese, the muscular parts occasionally attain considerable volume, but very A rarely that hardness and elasticity developed by exercise in Eiu'opeans. first aspect gives a false es- timate of their physical power. In some the limbs often equal those of Europeans, and particularly the thighs they may be said to form a squat race." ; " The face is remarkably broad and flat the cheek-bones prominent, large, spreading, and gently ; rounded; the glabellvun is flat and unusually large; the eyes are in general small; the aperture of the eye- lids moderately linear in the Indo-Chinese nations and the Malays, is acutely so in the Chinese, bending upwards at its outer end; the lower jaw is long, and remarkably full under the zygoma, so as to give to the countenance a square appearance ; the nose is rather small than flat, the alae not being distended in any uncommon degree; in a great number of Malays it is largest towards its point; the mouth is large, and the lips [moderately] thick ; the beard is remarkably scanty t, consisting only of a few straggling hairs ; the forehead, though broad in a lateral direction, is in general narrow, and the hairy scalp comes down very low. The head is peculiar; the antero-posterior diameter being uncommonly short, the general form is rather cylindrical ; the occipital foramen is often placed so far back that from the crown to the nape of the neck is nearly a straight line The hair is thick, coarse, and lank; its colour is always black. The limbs are thick, short, and stout, and the arms rather out of proportion (?) to the trunk The foot is in general small; but the hand is much longer than that of the Bengalese. The trunk is rather square, being nearly as broad at the loins as over the pectoral muscles. There is in this respect the greatest difference between them and the inhabitants of India, who are in general remarkable for small waists. The diameter of the pelvis is pjirticularly large, and the dimensions of the cavity would appear to be somewhat greater than in other races. " They appear to be calculated for toilsome and laborious exertions but they have not the energy ; of European labourers ; the greater number are distinguished for mechanical skill and patience rather than for mental capacity others are equally remarkable for indolence and aversion to labour. " ; The population of China is another subject of interest; for since the days of Marco Polo, people at home are accustomed to look upon everything Chinese as being counted by millions. The best and most carefully written Avork on the population of China is that by Sacharoff, whose long residence in Peking had made him acquainted with the most authentic sources, as also with the value we may attach to Chinese documents of that kind. Sacharoff, whilst admitting that China is densely populated, cannot help entertaining serious doubts as to the number of 412 millions as given by the Imperial government. His doubts are chiefly based upon the fact, that (1) for 1,600 years the population fluctuated between 7 and 75 millions; that (2) the population continued to increase after the amount of taxes and the quantum of crown service had been fixed in perpetuity, on which account the mandarins added to the number of the people ad Ubitimi; and that (3) no census is taken though the increase and decrease of the population is I'egularly recorded and presented to H. I. Majesty. In accepting, however, a certain number of inhabitants at a certain date, it does not necessarily fol- low, that that number must be doubled every hundred years. Where, we ask, is such a normal state of peace and prosperity to be found, as to constitute an argument pro or contra the number of a population at a given time ? Not a single nation has had peace for a hundred years; hence the accepted rule has never been tested but on paper. The increase of a nation is intimately related to the average age the people attain. Both proceed from the same source, the relative strength of the constitution, as can be proved from the examples quoted by careful observers. Derham mentions the case of a lady, who died at the age of 93, and had * Natural History ofMan, i nmon^' the Euvopeatis, some oftlioui liaving a full beird am} f There is, however, as much difference among the Chinese as l»'"f all over the bodj-. i — i tNTKODUCTION. J» given birth to 16 children, of whom 11 married. Upon her death she had 114 grandchildren, 228 great- grandchildren, and 900 great-gi-eat-grandchildren. If we take tlie age of the lady upon her first marri- age at 17, then she had within 76 years 1,258 descendants. Such parents could within 100 years increase 800 fold. The convulsions that have now and then distracted the Chinese empire for a period of from 50 to 80 years, set all our European rules of computation at defiance, as may be seen from the table giving the census for the last 1800 years. For whilst A. D. 2 the population of China is given at 59,594,978 individuals, we have 200 years later only 7,632,881 and whilst the census of A. D, 1712 gives only ; 24,621,334 individuals, the one published in 1749 gives the population at 177,495,339, or seven times the number of the one published 38.years pre\'iously. We here give the table of the population of China as published by Sacharoflf: Table shoînv the Population of China during the various Dynasties from A. D. 2 to 1578, compiled from historical accounts. Dynasty. A. D. Families. Individuals. Dynasty. A. D. Families. iMDreiDCALs. Han 2 12,233,002 59,594,978 1,075 15,084,529' 23,807.165 57 4,279,034 21,007,820 1,080 14,852.684 33,303,889 75 5,800,173 34,125,021 1,091 18,055,093 41,492,311 88 7,450,784 43,350,307 1,099 19,715,555 43,411,606 105 9,237,112 53,250,229 1,102 20,019,050 43,820,769 125 9,647,838 48,090,789 1,100 11,375,733 19,229,008 144 9,940,919 49,730,550 1,100 12,335,450 25.378,684 145 9,937,080 49,524,183 1,193 12,302,873 27.845,085 146 9,348,227 47,^00,772 1,223 12,670.801 28,320,085 157 10,077,900 50,480,850 1,204 5.696,989 13,026,532 S&nkwoorthree State*. 220-242 1,363,000 7.032.881 Tsin or Kin 1,187 6.789,449 44,705,086 Tsin 280 2,459,804 10,103 803 1,190 6.939,000 45,447,900 Sui, 580 3,590,000 9,009,004 1,195 7.223,400 48,490,400 606 8,907,530 40.019,950 1,207 7.684.838 45.816.079 Tana 027 3,000,000 Yuen 1,290 13.196.206 58.834,710 650 3,800,000 1.330 13,400,699 706 6,350,141 Mine 1-381 10,654,362 59.872.805 726 7,009,505 1,393 10,652.870 60,545.812 732 7,801,236 45,431,205 1,402 10.626,779 56.301.026 742 8,348,395 45,311,272 1,403 11,415.829 66,598,337 754 9,069,154 1,404| 9,685.020 50,950,470 755 8,919.309 52,919,309 1,41ll 9,533.092 51,446.,'534 756 8,018,701 l,412i 10.922.436 65.377.630 700 1.933,174 16,990,386 l,413i 9,084.910 50,950.244 764 2,933,125 1,454 9,460,288 54.338,476 780 3,805,070 * 1.462 9,385,012 56.370.260 806-820 2,473.963 1.463 9,107.205 60,479,330 821-824 3.914,595 1,466 9,202,718 60.653.724 825-820 3,978,983 1.486 65.442.680 839 4,996,753 1.487 50,207.134 841-840 4,955,151 1,491 9.113,446 53,281,168 SuTlff 976 3,090,504 1.504 60.105,885 997 4,132,576 1 .^SOS 12 972.974 1,021 8,677,077 19V93d,320 i!506 d,ro\',77S 46.802,605 1,029 10,102,089 20.054,238 l,513j 63,300,000 1,048 10.723.695 21,830.064 1,522 9.721,652 60,861.273 1,003 12,402.317! 26,421,051 1.578' 10,621.436 60.792,866 1,006 12.917.221 29,092,185 1 1 1