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Engines of Discovery - A Century of Particle Accelerators PDF

211 Pages·2007·17.56 MB·english
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ENGINES OF s D I COVER Y A Century of Particle Accelerators TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Chap12_Appendices.indd 188 6/8/2007 2:53:38 PM ENGINES OF s D I COVER Y A Century of Particle Accelerators Andrew Sessler Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA E drnund Wilson CERN, Geneva, Switzerland \: World Scientific - - - - NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BElJlNG SHANGHAI * HONG KONG * TAIPEI * CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sessler, A. M. (Andrew Marienhoff) Engines of discovery / a century of particle accelerators / Andrew Sessler, Edmund Wilson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-981-270-070-4 -- ISBN-10 981-270-070-6 ISBN-13 978-981-270-071-1 (pbk.) -- ISBN-10 981-270-071-4 (pbk.) 1. Particle accelerators. 2. Particle accelerators--Design and construction. I. Wilson, E. (Edmund) QC787.P3 S47 2007 539.7'3--dc22 2007060671 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover picture: ‘Propellers’ by Fernand Leger. © 2006 ProLitteris, Zurich. Copyright © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Printed in Singapore. Kim - Engines of Discovery.pmd 1 6/5/2007, 1:07 PM Preface Much of the raw material for this book was collected in the appendices which include a list of those who from the work of others, sometimes from carefully con- have been awarded prizes by their professional bodies structed review documents, sometimes from books, and — others appear in our list of principal publications. often simply from memories of conversations with our The appendices also include a glossary of commonly colleagues over the last 50 years. This is not a very tech- used technical terms and abbreviations together with nical book but we hope that we have recorded as much a bibliography listing general texts, more technical as possible of the history of particle accelerators — the accelerator books, seminal publications, and some web Engines of Discovery — as well as the lives of those that addresses. built them, before it is either forgotten or lost to living We wish to thank David Whittum and Dieter Möhl memory. for reading through an early draft and making many This work is a personal perspective and, apart from useful suggestions and we are very grateful to Jose the kind of errors that are inevitable in a first printing, Alonso, André Anders, André Barlow, Joe Chew, Tim we must surely have omitted to mention incidents and Houck and Stefano De Santos for their hard work in personalities that the reader would have liked to have correcting the proofs. seen included. We hope that further editions will rectify We are thankful to the Lawrence Berkeley National this. Laboratory and to CERN for supporting our activities. The book contains many sidebars — biographical One of us (AMS) was supported by the US Department notes and descriptions of laboratories as well as tech- of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under nical concepts. Writing the biographical sidebars in this Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. book would not have been possible without the generous Accelerator science and engineering — the ability to help of our colleagues. Nevertheless, lack of space and handle particle and photon beams — has developed far the difficulty in tracking down reliable sources of infor- beyond what anyone could have imagined in 1900. This mation has meant that we have had to make a rather book is dedicated to the physicists and engineers who, arbitrary and subjective choice. We have had to leave over a period of 100 years made possible electrostatic out many accomplished individuals who have made machines, the cyclotron, the betatron, the linac, the important contributions to the field — and regrettably synchrotron, colliders and the other machines. These risk disappointing some of our personal friends. The machines have discovered new forms of matter and names of those who have been left out may be found changed our lives for the better. v 01_Preface.indd 5 6/5/2007 9:50:17 AM TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Chap12_Appendices.indd 188 6/8/2007 2:53:38 PM Contents Preface v Introduction xi Chapter I. Electrostatic Accelerators 1 I.1 Scientific Motivation 1 I.2 Voltage Multiplying Columns 4 I.3 Silk Belts 5 I.4 Wisconsin Advances 6 I.5 Tandems 8 I.6 Commercial Production of Electrostatic Machines 9 I.7 Applications of Electrostatic Machines 9 Chapter II. Cyclotrons 11 II.1 The Anatomy of a Discovery 11 II.2 Lawrence and the Early Cyclotrons 14 II.3 Transverse Focusing 18 II.4 Relativistic Limitation 19 II.5 Calutrons 19 II.6 Cyclotrons for Peace Again 21 II.7 FFAG 22 II.8 Spiral Sector Cyclotrons 23 II.9 Modern Cyclotrons 26 II.10 Applications 26 Chapter III. Linear Accelerators 28 III.1 Science Motivation — An Idea in Search of a Technology 28 III.2 The Early Linear Accelerators at Berkeley 30 III.3 Proton Linacs 30 III.4 Electron Linacs 34 III.5 Heavy Ion Linacs — a Rich Field of Research 42 III.6 Induction Linacs 44 III.7 Applications of Induction Linacs 46 vii 03_Contents.indd 7 6/7/2007 10:27:30 AM Chapter IV. Betatrons 49 IV.1 Early History 50 IV.2 The Kerst Betatron 51 IV.3 The Wideroe Betatron — Second Attempt 51 IV.4 The Years After World War II 53 Chapter V. Synchrotrons 55 V.1 Science Motivation 55 V.2 The Early History of the Synchrotron 55 V.3 First Synchrotron 56 V.4 Electron Synchrotrons 56 V.5 Early Proton Synchrotrons 56 V.6 Nimrod and Phasotron 60 V.7 Strong Focusing 60 V.8 Brookhaven’s AGS and CERN’s PS 64 V.9 Fermilab and SPS 67 V.10 Superconducting Magnets 75 Chapter VI. Colliders 78 VI.1 Science Motivation 78 VI.2 Principles 78 VI.3 Electron–Electron Colliders 81 VI.4 Electron–Positron Colliders 81 VI.5 Superconducting Cavities 90 VI.6 Proton–Proton Colliders 91 VI.7 Proton–Antiproton Colliders 94 VI.8 Asymmetric Collider Rings 97 VI.9 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 103 VI.10 Heavy-Ion Colliders 107 Chapter VII. Detectors 110 VII.1 Early Primitive Detectors 110 VII.2 Scintillators, Photomultipliers and Cerenkov Counters 110 VII.3 Collisions in Three Dimensions 111 VII.4 A Modern Detector 115 VII.5 Digital X-ray Imaging 117 VII.6 Detection Techniques for Synchrotron Radiation Sources 119 Chapter VIII. Synchrotron Radiation Sources 121 VIII.1 Scientific Motivation 121 VIII.2 Principles and Early History 122 VIII.3 Synchrotron Radiation 123 VIII.4 First Generation Synchrotron Sources 123 VIII.5 Second Generation Synchrotron Sources 123 VIII.6 Third Generation Synchrotron Sources 124 VIII.7 Angstrom Wavelength Free Electron Laser Facilities 128 VIII.8 Future Fourth Generation Synchrotron Sources 132 viii ENGINES OF DISCOVERY 03_Contents.indd 8 6/7/2007 10:27:30 AM Chapter IX. Cancer Therapy Accelerators 134 IX.1 Cyclotrons 134 IX.2 Linacs 135 IX.3 Synchrotrons 136 IX.4 Other Therapies 138 IX.5 Future Facilities 138 Chapter X. Past, Present and Future 140 X.1 Future Needs 140 X.2 Linear Colliders and Their Origins 141 X.3 The International Linear Collider (ILC) 144 X.4 The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) 146 X.5 Spallation Neutron Sources 148 X.6 Rare Isotope Accelerators 151 X.7 Neutrino Super Beams, Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders 153 X.8 Accelerators for Heavy Ion Fusion and for Creating High Energy Density Plasmas 157 X.9 Proton Drivers for Power Reactors 160 X.10 Lasers and Plasmas 161 Chapter XI. A Final Word 166 XI.1 Understanding the Universe 166 XI.2 Applications 166 XI.3 Bringing Nations Together 166 XI.4 A Word Especially for the Young 168 Appendices A. Bibliography and References 169 B. The Accelerator Community 174 C. Glossary 175 D. List of Illustrations with Acknowledgments 184 Index 189 Contents ix 03_Contents.indd 9 6/7/2007 10:27:30 AM

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