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Engineering Your Future: Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 2009-2010 Edition PDF

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ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering --------William C. Oakes, PhD Purdue University --------------Les L. Leone, PhD Michigan State University -------------Craig J. Gunn, MS Michigan State University Contributors Frank M. Croft, Jr., PhD Ohio State University John B. Dilworth, PhD Western Michigan University Heidi A. Diefes, PhD Purdue University Ralph E. Flori, PhD University of Missouri-Rolla Marybeth Lima, PhD Louisiana State University Merle C. Potter, PhD Michigan State University Michael F. Young, MS Michigan Technological University Editor John L. Gruender Great Lakes Press, Inc. St. Louis, MO PO Box 520 / Chesterfield, MO 63006 (800) 837-0201 custser v @ glpbooks. com www.glpbooks.com International Standard Book Number: 978-1-881018-95-7 Copyright © 2009 by Great Lakes Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher, Great Lakes Press, Inc. Brand names, company names, and illustrations for products and services included in this text are provided for educational purposes only and do not represent or imply endorsement or rec­ ommendation by the authors or the publisher. Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety pre­ cautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. The reader assumes all risks in connection with all instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for a particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such represen­ tations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no respon­ sibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, conse­ quential or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, this material. All comments and inquiries should be addressed to: Great Lakes Press, Inc. c/o John Gruender, Editor PO Box 520 Chesterfield, MO 63006-0520 [email protected] phone (800) 837-0201 fax (636) 273-6086 www. glpbooks. com Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931789 Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Important Information This book belongs to: _______________________________________________ phone: A \!/£ Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................ix The World of Engineering 1. The History of Engineering ......................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................1 1.2 Getting Started ............................................................................................2 1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering ....................................................................5 1.4 An Overview of Ancient Engineering ............................................................7 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages ........................................................................11 1.6 A Case Study of Two Historic Engineers ....................................................15 1.7 The History of the Disciplines ....................................................................21 References............................................................................................................26 Exercises and Activities ........................................................................................27 2. Engineering Majors ................................................................................................29 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................29 2.2 Engineering Functions................................................................................33 2.3 Engineering Majors ....................................................................................41 2.4 Emerging Fields ........................................................................................59 2.5 Closing Thoughts........................................................................................60 2.6 Engineering and Technical Organizations ..................................................61 References............................................................................................................68 Exercises and Activities ........................................................................................68 3. Profiles of Engineers ................................................................................................73 4. A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession ............................................105 4.1 Statistical Overview ..................................................................................105 4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students ................................105 4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students......................................107 4.4 Degrees in Engineering ............................................................................107 4.5 Job Placement Trends ..............................................................................109 4.6 Salaries of Engineers ..............................................................................109 4.7 The Diversity of the Profession ................................................................119 4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study ..............................................121 4.9 Engineering Employment by Type of Employer ........................................122 4.10 Percent of Students Unemployed or in Graduate School ........................122 iii iv Table of Contents 4.11 A Word from Employers ............................................................................123 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................123 5. Global and International Engineering ................................................................125 5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................125 5.2 The Evolving Global Marketplace ............................................................126 5.3 International Opportunities for Engineers ................................................129 5.4 Preparing for a Global Career ..................................................................138 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................142 6. Future Challenges ..................................................................................................145 6.1 Expanding World Population ....................................................................145 6.2 Pollution ....................................................................................................147 6.3 Energy ......................................................................................................152 6.4 Transportation ..........................................................................................155 6.5 Infrastructure ............................................................................................156 6.6 Aerospace ................................................................................................157 6.7 Competitiveness and Productivity ............................................................159 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................160 Studying Engineering 7. Succeeding in the Classroom ................................................................................163 7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................163 7.2 Attitude ....................................................................................................164 7.3 Goals . .....................................................................................................165 7.4 Keys to Effectiveness ..............................................................................167 7.5 Test-taking ................................................................................................172 7.6 Making the Most of Your Professors ........................................................174 7.7 Learning Styles ........................................................................................175 7.8 Well-Rounded Equals Effective ................................................................180 7.9 Your Effective Use of Time........................................................................183 7.10 Accountability ..........................................................................................188 7.11 Overcoming Challenges ..........................................................................189 References..........................................................................................................190 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................191 8. Problem Solving ....................................................................................................195 8.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................195 8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving ....................................................195 8.3 Analytic Problem Solving ..........................................................................197 8.4 Creative Problem Solving ........................................................................204 8.5 Personal Problem Solving Styles..............................................................212 8.6 Brainstorming Strategies ..........................................................................216 8.7 Critical Thinking ........................................................................................221 References..........................................................................................................222 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................222 9. Visualization and Graphics ..................................................................................229 9.1 Why Study Visualization and Graphics? ..................................................229 9.2 The Theory of Projection ..........................................................................230 9.3 The Glass Box Theory................................................................................232 9.4 First and Third Angle Projections ............................................................234 9.5 The Meaning of Lines ..............................................................................236 9.6 Hidden Lines ............................................................................................238 Table of Contents v 9.7 Cylindrical Features and Radii..................................................................239 9.8 The Alphabet of Lines and Line Precedence ..........................................240 9.9 Freehand Sketching..................................................................................242 9.10 Pictorial Sketching ....................................................................................243 9.11 Visualization ............................................................................................251 9.12 Scales and Measuring................................................................................254 9.13 Coordinate Systems and Three Dimensional Space ................................259 9.10 Pictorial Sketching ....................................................................................243 Exercises ............................................................................................................264 10. Computer Tools for Engineers ............................................................................271 10.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................272 10.2 The Internet ..............................................................................................272 10.3 Word Processing Programs ......................................................................278 10.4 Spreadsheets ..........................................................................................279 10.5 Mathematics Software ..............................................................................282 10.6 Presentation Software ..............................................................................291 10.7 Operating Systems ..................................................................................291 10.8 Programming Languages ........................................................................292 10.9 Advanced Engineering Packages ............................................................293 References..........................................................................................................297 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................298 11. Teamwork Skills ..................................................................................................301 11.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................302 11.2 What Makes a Successful Team? ............................................................306 11.3 Growth Stages of a Team ........................................................................307 11.4 Team Leadership ......................................................................................309 11.5 How Effective Teams Work ......................................................................310 11.6 The Character of a Leader ......................................................................312 11.7 Team Grading ..........................................................................................314 References..........................................................................................................316 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................316 12. Project Management............................................................................................319 12.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................319 12.2 Creating a Project Charter........................................................................320 12.3 Task Definitions ........................................................................................321 12.4 Milestones ................................................................................................322 12.5 Defining Times ..........................................................................................322 12.6 Organizing the Tasks ................................................................................324 12.7 PERT Charts ............................................................................................324 12.8 Critical Paths ............................................................................................325 12.9 Gantt Charts ............................................................................................325 12.10 Details, Details..........................................................................................327 12.11 Personnel Distribution ..............................................................................327 12.12 Money and Resources..............................................................................327 12.13 Document As You Go ..............................................................................328 12.14 Team Roles ..............................................................................................328 References..........................................................................................................332 Exercises ............................................................................................................333 13. Engineering Design ..............................................................................................335 13.1 What Is Engineering Design ....................................................................335 13.2 The Design Process ................................................................................336 vi Table of Contents 13.3 A Case Study ..........................................................................................345 13.4 A Student Example of the 10-Stage Design Process ..............................356 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................361 14. Communication Skills..........................................................................................363 14.1 Why Do We Communicate? ....................................................................363 14.2 Oral Communication Skills ......................................................................364 14.3 Written Communication Skills ..................................................................370 14.4 Other Types of Communication ................................................................377 14.5 Relevant Readings ..................................................................................386 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................387 15. Ethics ....................................................................................................................389 15.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................389 15.2 The Nature of Ethics ................................................................................390 15.3 The Nature of Engineering Ethics ............................................................394 15.4 The Issues and Topics ..............................................................................397 15.5 Engineering Ethics and Legal Issues ......................................................409 Exercises ............................................................................................................411 The Fundamentals of Engineering 16. Units .....................................................................................................................415 16.1 History ......................................................................................................415 16.2 The SI System of Units ............................................................................416 16.3 Derived Units ............................................................................................418 16.4 Prefixes ....................................................................................................422 16.5 Numerals ..................................................................................................423 16.6 Conversions..............................................................................................424 References ..........................................................................................................427 Exercises ............................................................................................................427 17. Mathematics Review ............................................................................................431 17.1 Algebra ....................................................................................................431 17.2 Trigonometry ............................................................................................435 17.3 Geometry..................................................................................................438 17.4 Complex Numbers ....................................................................................442 17.5 Linear Algebra ..........................................................................................445 17.6 Calculus ....................................................................................................450 17.7 Probability and Statistics ..........................................................................456 Exercises ............................................................................................................460 18. Engineering Fundamentals ................................................................................465 18.1 Statics ......................................................................................................465 18.2 Dynamics ..................................................................................................472 18.3 Thermodynamics ......................................................................................481 18.4 Electrical Circuits ......................................................................................493 18.5 Economics ................................................................................................502 19. The Campus Experience......................................................................................515 19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus ..............................................................515 19.2 Exploring ..................................................................................................515 19.3 Determining and Planning Your Major ......................................................516 19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions ....................................................516 19.5 The ‘People Issue’ ....................................................................................517 Table of Contents vii 19.6 Searching for Campus Resources............................................................518 19.7 Other Important Issues ............................................................................519 19.8 Final Thoughts ..........................................................................................524 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................524 20. Financial Aid ........................................................................................................527 20.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................527 20.2 Parental Assistance ..................................................................................528 20.3 Is Financial Assistance For You? ..............................................................529 20.4 Scholarships ............................................................................................532 20.5 Loans ........................................................................................................541 20.6 Work-Study ..............................................................................................541 20.7 Scams ......................................................................................................546 20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits ..........................................................................547 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................547 21. Engineering Work Experience............................................................................549 21.1 A Job and Experience ..............................................................................549 21.2 Summer Jobs ..........................................................................................551 21.3 Volunteer ..................................................................................................551 21.4 Supervised Independent Study ................................................................552 21.5 Internships ................................................................................................552 21.6 Cooperative Education..............................................................................553 21.7 Which Is Best for You? ..............................................................................558 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................558 22. Connections: Liberal Arts and Engineering......................................................561 22.1 What Are “Connections”? ........................................................................561 22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts? ..........................................................................562 Exercises and Activities ......................................................................................566 Appendix A: The Basics of PowerPoint....................................................................567 Appendix B: An Introduction to MATLAB ............................................................571 Index............................................................................................................................591 Preface You can’t make an educated decision about what career to pursue without adequate infor­ mation. Engineering Your Future endeavors to give you a broad introduction to the study and practice of engineering. In addition to presenting vital information, we’ve tried to make it interesting and easy to read as well. You might find Chapter 3, Profiles of Engineers, to be of particular interest to you. The chapter includes information from real people—engineers practicing in the field. They dis­ cuss their jobs, their lives, and the things they wish they had known going into the profes­ sion. Chapter 2, Engineering Majors, also should be a tremendous help to you in determin­ ing what areas of engineering sound most appealing to you as you begin your education. The rest of the book presents such things as a historical perspective of engineering; some thoughts about the future of the profession; some tips on how best to succeed in the classroom; advice on how to gain actual, hands-on experience; exposure to computer- aided design; and a nice introduction to several areas essential to the study and practice of engineering. We have designed this book for modular use in a freshman engineering course which introduces students to the field of engineering. Such a course differs in content from univer­ sity to university. Consequently, we have included many topics, too numerous to cover in one course. We anticipate that several of the topics will be selected for a particular course with the remaining topics available to you for outside reading and for future reference. As you contemplate engineering, you should consider the dramatic impact engineers have had on our world. Note the eloquent words of American Association of Engineering Societies Chair Martha Sloan, a professor of electrical engineering at Michigan Technologi­ cal University: “In an age when technology helps turn fantasy and fiction into reality engineers have played a pivotal role in developing the technologies that maintain our na­ tion’s economic, environmental and national security They revolutionized med­ icine with pacemakers and MRI scanners. They changed the world with the de­ velopment of television and the transistor, computers and the Internet. They introduced new concepts in transportation, power, satellite communications, earthquake-resistant buildings, and strain-resistant crops by applying scientific discoveries to human needs. ix

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