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Engineering Thermodynamics Work and Heat Transfer GORDON ROGERS YON MAYHEW PEARSON Education Copyri1g96h7bt y©G ..FC R.oge&r YsR. .M ayhew. Copyri1g99h2bt y© PeaErdsuocnaL tiiimtoend . Thi sedition is publisheeadr sboyn aErdrudac.na gteimoenn,t Lwtith P This bodo ks uibsj escotl to the condition that irstelo ds,h all not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, hirde uot, or otherwise circruoilra ttewnerc dio tnwsietnhto uitn tahney pfuobrlmi sohfe rb'isn dping or cvoerth ero than tihcah t si i itpnu bwlhished maianlrd cwointdhuidotiu inhttogi cnsao nisdniictlion being imposed on entth ep usrucbhsaesqeur and without livmeidt iannbogo vteh, e rights under copyright reser part of this publicatdi oirnnn toimordauyc ebde t iirrneetvpoar loa d surycesettdeet,dm ,si tonor r etransmi anyo rfm or by any meanicsa lpo(,hteolceocptyrionngi,c ,r emceocrhdainng or otherwise), without the prior written n opfe rbmoitshs itohe copyright obwlniesrh earn do ft hteh iasb obvoeo-km.e ntioned pu ISBN 81-317-0206-5 Firspetrss oiInm, 2006 Secodn Impression, 2007 Thiesd iti ismoann ufacit nIunrdaeindaid s authofroirsz ae oldne liynI ndia, Bh a,Bnhgultaadne,s PasktiaNne,p SarlLi,a nkanadt h eM alidvseC.i rculoaftt ihsie odnin to iutsoidoeft lei teresritiosr ies UNAUTHORIZED. 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Contents Preftaotc heFe o urEtdhi tion xiii Prefacteot hTeh iErddi tion xv Prefacteot hSee cond XVI EditPiroenft aotc heFe i rst xivi Edition Prologue XIX Whys tudy xix thermodyHnoawmto i cs? xx usthei bso ok Part I Principles of Thermodynamics 1 3 Introduction 1 Fundamen tCaolncepts 7 11. 7 Thermodyprnoaerpmitiecs 1.2 10 Temperature 1.3 11 Worakn hde at 2 ThFeir sLtaw ofT hermodynamics 15 2.1 15 Thceyc le 2.2 16 TheF istrL awof hTermodynamics 2.3 18 Mechanicalo fhe eqauti valent 2.4 19 Corollaireso f FtihsretL aw 3 Non-FPlroowc esses 24 3.1T heen ereqguayt ioannd reversibility 24 3.. l1 25 Wokra ndre versibility 3.1.2 27 Hetaa ndre versibility 3.2C o�stvaounmlte p orcess 29 3.3C onstparnets psruorcee ss 29 3.4P olytropisc proces 31 3.5A diabaitc process 33 3.6 Iostherpmorcaesls 34 V 4 FlowP rocesses 36 4.1T hes teadyen-eflroegwqy u ation 36 4.2 Opnes ystsew mitsht eaflodwy 41 4.2B.o1i alnde cro ndenser 41 4.2.N2oz zalnedd i ffuser 42 4.2.3 Turbinea ncdom prers so 43 4.2.T4h rottling 44 4..52 Reciproccoamtpirnegs sor 44 4.3 Nonsteadpyro-cfleosws es 45 4.4 Cyclcoenss isotfsi tnega dyp-rfloocwe sses 47 5 ThSee ocndL awo fT hermodyannaRdme ivcesr sibili5t0y 5.1C ycelffiec iency 50 5.2T heS ecoLnadwo fT hermodynamics 51 5.3 TheC lausstaituesm eofnth teS ecoLnadw 53 5.4 Reversainbdiri relvrisebtiilyi ty 54 5.4F.r1i ction 55 5.4T.r2a nosffh eeraac tr oasfi sn itetmep errea t u d iff erence 59 5.5 Reverasnidib rlree v_ceycrlessi ble 60 6 Corololfta hrSeiceo ensd L aw 62 6.1R everesnigbiolnpeee sr abteitnwogen eltnyw r oe servo6i2r s 6.2T hermodynamics ctaelmep erature 63 6.3E nginopeesr atbientgw meoernthe a tnw roe servoi66r s 6.4 Consequofet nhSceee csoL anwdf onro n-pflroowc ess7e1s 6.5 Charactoefer nitsrtoipcys 73 6.5.D1e termionfva atliouofeen sn tropy 73 6.5E.n2t raosap c yr itoefrr viereoisbnil ity 75 6.6C onsequofeth n eSceecso Lnadwf osrt eady-flow processes 77 6.7 Valiadnid ltiym itoaftt hilaeow noss f t hermodyn8a0m ics 6.8S ummaorfCyh apt1et or6 s 82 7 GeneTrhaelr modyRnealmaitci ons 86 7.1 Properttobie er se lated 87 7.2 Exact differentials 87 7.3S omeg neerthaelr modyrneatlminaiosc 90 7.4 Measurable quantities 93 7.4.E1q uatofis otna te 93 7.4.2C oefficoifee xnpta nasnicdoo mnp ressibi9l4i ty 7.4.3 Spciefic hetac apacities 96 7.4.4 Joule-Thocmoesffioicne nt 98 7.5G raphdiectaelr mionfea tntriooapnny ed n thalpy1 00 7.6A nalydteitcearlm ionfea nttiro aonnp edyn thalpy1 03 7.6.1P efregcats 106 7.6.T2h vea dne Wra aglass 110 7.7C hanogfpe h ase 112 vi 7.8 Proceusnsdeesr bgyoso nleia dnsd liquids 115 7.1 8C.onstvaonltup mreo cess 115 7.8.Is2ot herpmraolc ess 115 7.8.3I sentprroopciecs s 116 7.9E xerangdyt he Gibfbusn ction 117 7.9E.xe1r giync lossysetemds 118 7.92. Exeragnysd t eadyo-pflesonyw s tems 120 7.93. ThGei bfbusn catnitdohe n s teadys-yflsotwe1 m2 2 Part II Applications to Particular Fluids 127 Introduction 129 8 Properties of Fluids 130 8.1T huen iotf tem peraatnutdrh eIen ternational TemperaStcuarlee 130 8.2 Propeorflit quiidesas n dv apours 136 8..12 p-v-dTa ta 136 8.2.2u -hd-ast aan sdp echiefiacct a pacities14 1 8.3 Tableofs p roperties 145 8.3.1S aturtaatbiloen 145 8.3S.u2p erthaebalte 148 8.3C.o3m prelqsiusidet da ble 149 8.4 Diagrofa pmrso perties 150 8.4.1T emperaturdei-aegnrtarmo py 150 8.4.2E nthalpy-deinatgrroapmy 153 8.4.3P ressure-deinatghraalmp y 155 8.5 Propeorfatp ieersfg aesc t 156 8.5.E1qu atioof snt aoft aep erfgaesc t 156 8.5.2Am ount-of-ansdut bhmseot lagaanrscc oen sta1n5t8 8.5.O3t hperro preerltayft oiarop e nrsf egacst 159 8.5.T4e mperaturdei-aegnfrtroaar mp o epryfg eacst 1 64 8.6K inetthiecoan rd yt phreopeorf rteigaealss es 166 8.6K.i1n etthiecoo rfgy a ses 166. 8.6.P2r opeorfrt eigaeasless 169 9 Non-FPlroowc esses 173 9.1Constvaolmnuetp rocess 173 9.2 Constparnets psruorcee ss 175 9.3 ·P olytprroopciecs s 177 9.4A diabpartoicce ss 180 9.5I sothperromcaels s 184 96. Irrevearnsdtih eb firleexiept ayn sion 187 10 FloPwr ocesses 189 10.1Bo ile arncdo ndeAndsiearb atic 189 10.2s teadyp-orcfleosws es 190 10.3Th rottplrioncge ss 195 10.4 Reevsribslteea dy-pfrloocwe ss 197 vii 10.5 Isothermal steady-flow process 198 10.6 Multistream steady-flow processes 200 10.7 Nonsteady-flow processes 201 10.7.1 Filling a reservoir from an infinite source of fluid 201 10.7.2 Maximum work attainable by allowing a reservoir of fluid to discharge via a turbine 204 11 Vapour Power Cycles 206 11.1 Criteria for the comparison of cycles 207 11.2 Carnot cycle 209 11.3 Rankine cycle 214 11.4 Reheat cycle 219 11.5 Regenerative cycle 222 11.6 Economiser and air preheater 229 11.7 Steam cycles for nuclear power plant 231 11.8 Back-pressure and extraction turbines, and 234 11.9 cogeneration Low-temperature power cycles 239 11.10 The ideal working fluid and binary cycles 243 11.11 Economic assessment 246 12 Gas Power Cycles 248 12.1 Internal-combustion engines and air-standard cycles 248 12.2 Simple gas turbine cycle 251 12.3 Gas turbine cycles with heat exchange, intercooling and reheating 254 12.3. l Simple cycle with heat exchangeJ.'. 254 12.3.2 Intercooling and reheating 256 12.4 Closed-cycle gas turbine 259 12.5 Combined gas and steam cycles 259 12.6 Reciprocating engine cycles 262 12.7 Otto, Diesel and mixed cycles 263 12.8 Mean effective pressure as a criterion of 266 12.9 performance Cycles having the Carnot efficiency 270 13 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles 273 13.1 Reversed Carnot cycle and performance criteria 273 13.2 Practical refrigeration cycles 27 5 13.3 Water refrigerator 280 13.4 Absorption refrigerators 281 13.5 Gas cycles 285 14 P roperties of Mixtures 289 14.1 An empirical law for mixtures of gases 289 14.2 Mixtures of perfect gases 291 14.3 The mixing process 297 14.4 Gas and saturated vapour mixtures 301 14.5 Hygrometry (or psychrometry) 308 14.5.1 Air-conditioning plant 312 viii 14.5C.oo2l ing towers 315 14.6 Hygrometric chart 318 15 CombustPiroonc esses 321 15.lFuels 321 15.2C hemiecqaula tanidoc nosn serovfma atsiso n 323 15.3Ex perimenptraold uacntasl ysis 328 15.4F itrL sawap pliedt oco mbustiporno cesses 333 15.I4 In.t erennaelrof gc oym bsutnit1 oui 334 �ai 15.4E.n2t haolfcpo myb usotnia nidt rse lattoi on3 36 15.4.3 U−T and H−T diagrams 340 15.5E xperimdeetnetramli nofai t'liaioninL1d h and 0 0 calovrailfiuce s 343 15.6E fficieofnp coyw pelarn tan do fc ombusptrioocne s3s4e6s 15.7D issociation 349 15.7T.h1ev anH'offt e quilibborxi um 350 15.7M.a2x imwuomr okfa c hemireccaatlia onnd equilicobnrsituamn ts 351 15.8T abuloaftt eihromno dynraemaicdcta itoan 359 15.9L imitaotfti htoehn esr modaynnaalmyisci s 365 Part lll Work Transfer 367 Introduction 369 16 ReciproEcxaptainandndge C romsp ressors 371 16.1W ortkr anisnrf eevre rrsceiipbrloec maatcihnign es37 1 16.1M.a1c hciynceal nea lysis 373 16.1.S2t eadyan-afllioysws 374 I6. 2 Thien dicdaitaogrr am 375 16.3 Reciproacicarot mipnrge ssors 379 16.4 Thes teeanmg ine 385 I6 .5R otrayp osidtiisvpel accoemmpernets sors 392 17 ReciproIncteranatli-nCgos mtbiEunogni nes 395 171. Thweo rkoifInC g e gnines 395 17.2C ritoefpr eirafo rmfoarnIC c eneg eisn 400 17.3F actlimoirtnsig thpee rforomfIa C nencgei nes 402 17.3T.h1Se I e ngine 402 173.2. ThCeI en gien 407 17.4Co mpariofsr oael nIC engiprnoec ewsistehs aitra-nsdcaycrlesd 411 17.5M aximuwmo rokfa c hemical reaction4 15 18 One-DimeSntseiaFodlnyoaa wln J de tPr opulsion 418 18.1Is entroflpoiwinc a d ucto fv aryarienag 419 18.1D.e1ri vatoifto hbnea seiqcu ations 420 18.1.P2h enomin enonzaz olpeersa toiffnt ghd ee sign prsesurrea tio 427 ix 1.82 Metasfltoawobf vl aeop urs 430 18.3T hem omenetuquamt ion 433 18.3I.s1e ntflrooiwpn aid cu cotfv aryairnega 436 18.3H.e2aa td dittofii rocnt ifloonwil nead s usco tf consatraenat 436 1.833. Irrevearidsaibbaflltoeiiw cn ad ucotfv arying area 437 1.84 Jeptor psuileonng ines 414 18.4P.r1o puelnsgiiuonsnei asnt gm ospahierr ic4 41 18.4Ro.c2k meott ors 444 19 Rorty aExpanadneCdro sm pressors 450 19.1M omenptruimn caipppllteiosfloe wdt hroaur goht o4r5 0 19.1Ax.i1ta hlr ounst thr oet or 451 19:1T.o2r qeuxee rbtyoe rod n t hreo tor 452 19.2A xialt-uflrobwi nes 453 19.2I.m1p ustlasgee 485 19.2V.e2l ocity-ciommppusoltusanegd ee d 461 19.2R.e3a csttiaogne 463 19.2M.ut4li sttuabrgiena ensid n ntae llrosses 466 19.·2St .a5eg ffie cieonvce yre,affic lilernechyfe,aa ctt or anpdo lyterffiocpiiecn cy 471 19.3A xi-afllocwo pmressors 475 194. Radiatlu-rflboiwn es 480 19.4Ou.t1w -aflrodw turbines 480 19.4I.n2w ardt-uflrobwi nes 481 19.5Ra id-afllocwo mepsrsors 483 DirCeocntv ersion 20 486 20.1T hermicoonnivce rters 478 20.2T hmeorelieccco tnrtveser r 48.9 20.3P hotovgoelnteariact ors 491 20.4M agnetohyidgcr eonadetyronrasm 492 20.5Fu eclel ls 494 Part IV Heat Transfer 497 Introduction 499 21 Conduction 501 211. Fourileaorwfh' e sac to nduction 501 21.2On e-dimesntseicaoodnnyad lu tchtriooaun g h copmoistwea ll 504 21.3R adsitaelca odnyd utchtriootunhgw eha olflat ube 507 21.4T hed iffereeuqnattioiafotlr nh e e-dimensional conduction 509 21.5Nu meircsaoll uotfti woon- dimsetnesaidoyn al conduction 516 X 21.6U nstecaodncydt uion 523 21.6Th.e1q u encohfaib nigl let 523 216..2 erNiucsmaoillno uo tfu nsatdey one-dimceonnsdiuocntailo n 525 Convection 533 22 22.1S omree soufsl itmsbp oluen dlaarytyeh re ory 534 22.1F.l1oo wfflu iodv eaflr a ptl ate 534 22.1F.l2oo wfflu idt hroauc gyhl intdurbiec ar5 38 22.1S.h3es atrr deustesoe d dmyotion 541 22.2F orcceodn veicnlt aimoinfln oaowvr e arfl aptl ate5 45 22.2D.e1r ivoaftt hiheeo anflt o we quaotfti hoen boundlaaryye r 547 22.2S.olu2t iooftn hh ee aflotw e quation 548 22.2S.o3l uatpipolni tcola ibqlmueei tda ls 553 22.3F orcceodn veicnft uilolny -dlaemvienfllaoorwp ed throaut guhb e 555 22.4F orcceodn veicntt uirobnufl loeawnn ttdh eR eynolds analogy 558 22.4T.h1se i mRpelyen aonladlso gy 562 22.4Th.e 2P randtlm-oTdaiyfilcooafrtt hieo n Reynaonladlso gy 566 22.5T hper incoifdp ylneassmi imci laandrdii mteyn s:onal analaypspiltsiof e odr ccoendv ection 571 22.6H eatatrn srffe roamv ert"i:cb'ayafrl le lce o nvect5i8o0n 22.7Th e princoifdp ylneassmi imci laanrdi ty dimensionapapll tiaofen rdace loeyn sviesc tio5n8 3 2.28 Convewcittcihho ann ofgp eh ase 585 22.8C.o1n denosfaav taipooonun ar v ertsiucrafla5 c8e6 22.8B.o2i loifln igq uids 591 22.9H eattr anenshfaenrc ement 597 22.9F.l1u ibdeidsse d 597 22.9Sp.e2c ial-cgoenodmesenutsrrefayrc es 598 22.9H.e3ap ti pes 599 Radiation 601 23 23.1T hlea wofsb lackr-abdoidayt ion 601 23.2K irchlhaowanff d'gr se y-rbaoddiya tion 605 23.3R adiaetxicohnba entgwete oweb nl ascukr faces6 10 2.34 Radiationb.eetxwtcewhegoanr n esgyue r faces6 15 2.35 Radiaftriogoamns aensdfl ames 618 CombiMnoeddeo f sH eaTtr ansfer 620 24 24.1T hhee aetx changer 620 24.2H eaflotw t hroauw gahl l 628 24.3H eaflto twh roaufi ng h 630 24.3T.h1se o luotfti hodeni ffereeqnutaiftaoialro n prisfimant ic 631 xi