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Engineering Science Pocket Book PDF

651 Pages·2001·14.312 MB·English
by  J. Bird
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Newnes Engineering Science Pocket Book Newnes Engineering Science Pocket Book Third edition John Bird BSc(Hons), CEng, CMath, FIMA, MIEE, FCollP, FIEIE OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI Newnes AnimprintofButterworth-Heinemann LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP 225WildwoodAvenue,Woburn,MA01801-2041 AdivisionofReedEducationalandProfessionalPublishingLtd FirstpublishedastheNewnesEngineering&PhysicalSciencePocketBook 1993 Secondedition1996 ThirdeditionastheNewnesEngineeringSciencePocketBook 2001 JohnBird2001 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublication maybereproducedinanymaterialform(including photocopyingorstoringinanymediumbyelectronic meansandwhetherornottransientlyorincidentally tosomeotheruseofthispublication)withoutthe writtenpermissionofthecopyrightholderexcept inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofa licenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd, 90TottenhamCourtRoad,London,EnglandW1P9HE. Applicationsforthecopyrightholder’swrittenpermission toreproduceanypartofthispublicationshouldbeaddressed tothepublishers BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN0750649917 TypesetbyLaserWords,Madras,India PrintedinGreatBritain Contents Preface ix PartOne GeneralEngineeringScience 1 1 SIunits 3 2 Density 6 3 Scalarandvectorquantities 8 4 Atomicstructureofmatter 10 5 Chemicalreactions 15 6 Standardquantitysymbolsandtheir units 18 PartTwo MechanicalEngineeringandPhysicalScience 21 7 Speedandvelocity 23 8 Acceleration 27 9 Force,massandacceleration 30 10 Centreofgravityandequilibrium 34 11 Forcesactingatapoint 36 12 Simplysupportedbeams 46 13 Shearingforceandbendingmoments 50 14 Bendingstress 54 15 Linearandangularmotion 57 16 Friction 63 17 Waves 66 18 Interferenceanddiffraction 70 19 Lightrays 75 20 Work,energyandpower 81 21 Potentialandkineticenergy 84 22 Simplemachines 88 23 Theeffectsofforcesonmaterials 96 24 Tensiletesting 104 25 Hardnessandimpacttests 107 26 Measurementofstrain 111 27 Linearmomentumandimpulse 118 28 Torque 121 29 Heatenergy 127 30 Thermalexpansion 134 31 Themeasurementoftemperature 138 32 Pressureinfluids 149 33 Measurementofpressure 156 34 Idealgaslaws 165 35 Propertiesofwaterandsteam 170 vi 36 Surfacetensionandviscosity 176 37 Fluidsinmotion 182 38 Measurementoffluidflow 187 39 Simpleharmonicmotionandnaturalvibrations 198 PartThree ElectricalEngineeringScience 203 40 Anintroductiontoelectriccircuits 205 41 Resistancevariation 214 42 Chemicaleffectsofelectricity 218 43 Seriesandparallelnetworks 227 44 Capacitorsandcapacitance 233 45 Magneticcircuits 244 46 Magneticmaterials 255 47 Electromagnetism 261 48 Electromagneticinductionandinductance 271 49 Magneticallycoupledcircuits 277 50 Electricalmeasuringinstrumentsandmeasurements 287 51 Semiconductordiodes 303 52 Transistors 311 53 D.c.circuittheory 327 54 Alternatingvoltagesandcurrents 341 55 Single-phaseseriesa.c.circuits 349 56 Single-phaseparallela.c.circuits 362 57 D.c.transients 371 58 Operationalamplifiers 383 59 Three-phasesystems 401 60 Transformers 410 61 D.c.machines 425 62 A.c.motors 446 63 Revisionofcomplexnumbers 464 64 Applicationofcomplexnumberstoseriesa.c.circuits 471 65 Applicationofcomplexnumberstoparallela.c.networks 480 66 Powerina.c.circuitsandpowerfactorimprovement 485 67 A.c.bridges 492 68 SeriesresonanceandQ-factor 500 69 ParallelresonanceandQ-factor 511 70 Introductiontonetworkanalysis 519 71 Mesh-currentandnodalanalysis 525 72 Thesuperpositiontheorem 531 73 The´venin’sandNorton’stheorems 537 74 Delta-starandstar-deltatransformations 547 75 Maximumpowertransfertheoremsandimpedancematching 554 76 Complexwaveforms 559 77 Anumericalmethodofharmonicanalysis 576 78 Dielectricsanddielectricloss 582 79 Fieldtheory 590 80 Attenuators 598 81 Filternetworks 610 vii 82 Modulation 616 83 Transmissionlines 622 Index 636 Preface Newnes Engineering Science Pocket Book is intended to provide students, technicians, scientists andengineers withareadilyavailable referencetothe essential engineering science formulae, definitions and general information neededduringtheirstudiesand/orworksituation—ahandybooktohaveon thebookshelftodelveintoastheneedarises. Thetextisdivided,forconvenienceofreference,intothreemainsections embracinggeneralengineering science,mechanicalengineeringandphysical scienceandelectricalengineeringscience. The text assumes little previous knowledge and is suitable for a wide rangeofcoursesofstudy. Itwillbeparticularlyusefulforstudents studying forNVQ’sandGNVQ’s,techniciancertificatesanddiplomas,forGCSEand Alevels,andforEngineeringdegrees. JohnBird UniversityofPortsmouth Part One General Engineering Science 1 SI Units Units The system of units used in engineering and science isthe Syste`me Interna- tionaled’Unite´s(Internationalsystemofunits),usuallyabbreviatedtoSIunits, and is based on the metric system. This was introduced in 1960 and is now adoptedbythemajorityofcountriesastheofficialsystemofmeasurement. ThebasicunitsintheS.I.systemarelistedbelowwiththeirsymbols: Quantity Unit length metre,m mass kilogram,kg time second,s electriccurrent ampere,A thermodynamictemperature kelvin,K luminousintensity candela,cd amountofsubstance mole,mol Prefixes S.I.unitsmaybemadelargerorsmallerbyusingprefixesthatdenotemulti- plicationordivisionbyaparticularamount.Thesixmostcommonmultiples, withtheirmeaning,arelistedbelow: Prefix Name Meaning T tera multiplyby1000000000000 (i.e.ð1012) G giga multiplyby1000000000 (i.e.ð109) M mega multiplyby1000000 (i.e.ð106) k kilo multiplyby1000 (i.e.ð103) m milli divideby1000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)3) µ micro divideby1000000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)6) n nano divideby1000000000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)9) p pico divideby1000000000000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)12) Length, area, volume and mass Lengthisthedistancebetweentwopoints.Thestandardunitoflengthisthe metre,althoughthecentimetre,cm,millimetre,mmandkilometre,km,are oftenused. 1cmD10mm,1mD100cmD1000mmand1kmD1000m

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