Engineering Science Pocket Book

651 Pages·2001·14.312 MB·English

by  J. Bird

Newnes Engineering Science Pocket Book
Newnes
Engineering
Science
Pocket Book
Third edition
John Bird
BSc(Hons), CEng, CMath, FIMA, MIEE, FCollP, FIEIE
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON
JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI
Newnes
AnimprintofButterworth-Heinemann
LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP
225WildwoodAvenue,Woburn,MA01801-2041
AdivisionofReedEducationalandProfessionalPublishingLtd
FirstpublishedastheNewnesEngineering&PhysicalSciencePocketBook 1993
Secondedition1996
ThirdeditionastheNewnesEngineeringSciencePocketBook 2001
JohnBird2001
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublication
maybereproducedinanymaterialform(including
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meansandwhetherornottransientlyorincidentally
tosomeotheruseofthispublication)withoutthe
writtenpermissionofthecopyrightholderexcept
inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright,
DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofa
licenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,
90TottenhamCourtRoad,London,EnglandW1P9HE.
Applicationsforthecopyrightholder’swrittenpermission
toreproduceanypartofthispublicationshouldbeaddressed
tothepublishers
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN0750649917
TypesetbyLaserWords,Madras,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
Contents
Preface ix
PartOne GeneralEngineeringScience 1
1 SIunits 3
2 Density 6
3 Scalarandvectorquantities 8
4 Atomicstructureofmatter 10
5 Chemicalreactions 15
6 Standardquantitysymbolsandtheir units 18
PartTwo MechanicalEngineeringandPhysicalScience 21
7 Speedandvelocity 23
8 Acceleration 27
9 Force,massandacceleration 30
10 Centreofgravityandequilibrium 34
11 Forcesactingatapoint 36
12 Simplysupportedbeams 46
13 Shearingforceandbendingmoments 50
14 Bendingstress 54
15 Linearandangularmotion 57
16 Friction 63
17 Waves 66
18 Interferenceanddiffraction 70
19 Lightrays 75
20 Work,energyandpower 81
21 Potentialandkineticenergy 84
22 Simplemachines 88
23 Theeffectsofforcesonmaterials 96
24 Tensiletesting 104
25 Hardnessandimpacttests 107
26 Measurementofstrain 111
27 Linearmomentumandimpulse 118
28 Torque 121
29 Heatenergy 127
30 Thermalexpansion 134
31 Themeasurementoftemperature 138
32 Pressureinfluids 149
33 Measurementofpressure 156
34 Idealgaslaws 165
35 Propertiesofwaterandsteam 170
vi
36 Surfacetensionandviscosity 176
37 Fluidsinmotion 182
38 Measurementoffluidflow 187
39 Simpleharmonicmotionandnaturalvibrations 198
PartThree ElectricalEngineeringScience 203
40 Anintroductiontoelectriccircuits 205
41 Resistancevariation 214
42 Chemicaleffectsofelectricity 218
43 Seriesandparallelnetworks 227
44 Capacitorsandcapacitance 233
45 Magneticcircuits 244
46 Magneticmaterials 255
47 Electromagnetism 261
48 Electromagneticinductionandinductance 271
49 Magneticallycoupledcircuits 277
50 Electricalmeasuringinstrumentsandmeasurements 287
51 Semiconductordiodes 303
52 Transistors 311
53 D.c.circuittheory 327
54 Alternatingvoltagesandcurrents 341
55 Single-phaseseriesa.c.circuits 349
56 Single-phaseparallela.c.circuits 362
57 D.c.transients 371
58 Operationalamplifiers 383
59 Three-phasesystems 401
60 Transformers 410
61 D.c.machines 425
62 A.c.motors 446
63 Revisionofcomplexnumbers 464
64 Applicationofcomplexnumberstoseriesa.c.circuits 471
65 Applicationofcomplexnumberstoparallela.c.networks 480
66 Powerina.c.circuitsandpowerfactorimprovement 485
67 A.c.bridges 492
68 SeriesresonanceandQ-factor 500
69 ParallelresonanceandQ-factor 511
70 Introductiontonetworkanalysis 519
71 Mesh-currentandnodalanalysis 525
72 Thesuperpositiontheorem 531
73 The´venin’sandNorton’stheorems 537
74 Delta-starandstar-deltatransformations 547
75 Maximumpowertransfertheoremsandimpedancematching 554
76 Complexwaveforms 559
77 Anumericalmethodofharmonicanalysis 576
78 Dielectricsanddielectricloss 582
79 Fieldtheory 590
80 Attenuators 598
81 Filternetworks 610
vii
82 Modulation 616
83 Transmissionlines 622
Index 636
Preface
Newnes Engineering Science Pocket Book is intended to provide students,
technicians, scientists andengineers withareadilyavailable referencetothe
essential engineering science formulae, definitions and general information
neededduringtheirstudiesand/orworksituation—ahandybooktohaveon
thebookshelftodelveintoastheneedarises.
Thetextisdivided,forconvenienceofreference,intothreemainsections
embracinggeneralengineering science,mechanicalengineeringandphysical
scienceandelectricalengineeringscience.
The text assumes little previous knowledge and is suitable for a wide
rangeofcoursesofstudy. Itwillbeparticularlyusefulforstudents studying
forNVQ’sandGNVQ’s,techniciancertificatesanddiplomas,forGCSEand
Alevels,andforEngineeringdegrees.
JohnBird
UniversityofPortsmouth
Part One General
Engineering
Science
1 SI Units
Units
The system of units used in engineering and science isthe Syste`me Interna-
tionaled’Unite´s(Internationalsystemofunits),usuallyabbreviatedtoSIunits,
and is based on the metric system. This was introduced in 1960 and is now
adoptedbythemajorityofcountriesastheofficialsystemofmeasurement.
ThebasicunitsintheS.I.systemarelistedbelowwiththeirsymbols:
Quantity Unit
length metre,m
mass kilogram,kg
time second,s
electriccurrent ampere,A
thermodynamictemperature kelvin,K
luminousintensity candela,cd
amountofsubstance mole,mol
Prefixes
S.I.unitsmaybemadelargerorsmallerbyusingprefixesthatdenotemulti-
plicationordivisionbyaparticularamount.Thesixmostcommonmultiples,
withtheirmeaning,arelistedbelow:
Prefix Name Meaning
T tera multiplyby1000000000000 (i.e.ð1012)
G giga multiplyby1000000000 (i.e.ð109)
M mega multiplyby1000000 (i.e.ð106)
k kilo multiplyby1000 (i.e.ð103)
m milli divideby1000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)3)
µ micro divideby1000000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)6)
n nano divideby1000000000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)9)
p pico divideby1000000000000 (i.e.ð10(cid:2)12)
Length, area, volume and mass
Lengthisthedistancebetweentwopoints.Thestandardunitoflengthisthe
metre,althoughthecentimetre,cm,millimetre,mmandkilometre,km,are
oftenused.
1cmD10mm,1mD100cmD1000mmand1kmD1000m