Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation PDF
Preview Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation
Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation Edited by Andreas Tolk A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. 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Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint maynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitour websiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Tolk,Andreas. Engineeringprinciplesofcombatmodelinganddistributedsimulation/AndreasTolk. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Chapters1-15writtenbyAndreasTolk;chapters16-32writtenbyvariousauthors. ISBN978-0-470-87429-5(cloth) 1. Wargames–Dataprocessing.2. Militaryartandscience–Computersimulation.3. Combat– Mathematicalmodels.4. Combat–Simulationmethods.I. Title. U310.T632012 355.4(cid:2)80285–dc23 2011031418 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 Contents Preface xi Contributors xiii Biographies xvii Acknowledgments xxvii Abbreviations xxix 1. Challenges of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation 1 Andreas Tolk Part I Foundations 2. Applicable Codes of Ethics 25 Andreas Tolk 3. The NATO Code of Best Practice for Command and Control Assessment 33 Andreas Tolk 4. Terms and Application Domains 55 Andreas Tolk 5. Scenario Elements 79 Andreas Tolk Part II Combat Modeling vii viii Contents 6. Modeling the Environment 95 Andreas Tolk 7. Modeling Movement 113 Andreas Tolk 8. Modeling Sensing 127 Andreas Tolk 9. Modeling Effects 145 Andreas Tolk 10. Modeling Communications, Command, and Control 171 Andreas Tolk Part III Distributed Simulation 11. Challenges of Distributed Simulation 187 Andreas Tolk 12. Standards for Distributed Simulation 209 Andreas Tolk 13. Modeling and Simulation Development and Preparation Processes 243 Andreas Tolk 14. Verification and Validation 263 Andreas Tolk 15. Integration of M&S Solutions into the Operational Environment 295 Andreas Tolk Part IV Advanced Topics 16. History of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation 331 Margaret L. Loper and Charles Turnitsa Contents ix 17. Serious Games, Virtual Worlds, and Interactive Digital Worlds 357 Roger D. Smith 18. Mathematical Applications for Combat Modeling 385 Patrick T. Hester and Andrew Collins 19. Combat Modeling with the High Level Architecture and Base Object Models 413 Mikel D. Petty and Paul Gustavson 20. The Test and Training Enabling Architecture (TENA) 449 Edward T. Powell and J. Russell Noseworthy 21. Combat Modeling using the DEVS Formalism 479 Tag Gon Kim and Il-Chul Moon 22. GIS Data for Combat Modeling 511 David Lashlee, Joe Bricio, Robert Holcomb, and William T. Richards 23. Modeling Tactical Data Links 537 Joe Sorroche 24. Standards-Based Combat Simulation Initialization using the Military Scenario Definition Language (MSDL) 579 Robert L. Wittman Jr 25. Multi-Resolution Combat Modeling 607 Mikel D. Petty, Robert W. Franceschini, and James Panagos 26. New Challenges: Human, Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling 641 S. K. Numrich and P. M. Picucci 27. Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation 669 Gnana K. Bharathy, Levent Yilmaz, and Andreas Tolk x Contents 28. Uncertainty Representation and Reasoning for Combat Models 715 Paulo C. G. Costa, Heber Herencia-Zapana, and Kathryn Laskey 29. Model-Based Data Engineering for Distributed Simulations 747 Saikou Y. Diallo 30. Federated Simulation for System of Systems Engineering 765 Robert H. Kewley and Marc Wood 31. The Role of Architecture Frameworks in Simulation Models: The Human View Approach 811 Holly A. H. Handley 32. Multinational Computer Assisted Exercises 825 Erdal Cayirci Annex 1: M&S Organizations/Associations 841 Salim Chemlal and Tuncer O¨ren Annex 2: Military Simulation Systems 851 Jose´ J. Padilla Index 869 Preface L ooking through the present volume, I am struck by how long such a book has been needed and how the fact of the book coming together is a tangible indication of how much the field of modeling and simulation has matured in the last 20 years. Computer models of combat have been a major element in force planning,training,andsystemdevelopmentforroughly40years—giveortakea decade and depending on the criteria used. For most of that period, however, the computer models were built individually by talented individuals and teams who plunged ahead with courage, innovation, and hard work, but without the benefit ofadisciplinetoguidethemorthetechnologytomakemodelingandsimulation systematic and adaptive. None of them had been educated to do what they did. Many of the early combat models were pure attrition models shaped by the role of massive firepower in World War II, mathematical methods familiar to that era’s defense scientists, and what computers of the era could and could not do. Other models were much more “micro” in nature, representing the low level physics of combat. Over time, researchers moved toward more systemic treat- ments that included such critical functions as mobilizing reserves, transporting them to where war was to be fought, and fighting the mostly separate air, land, and sea battles. Some of the detailed models of the era became extraordinarily accurate in their representation of, for example, missile trajectories, accuracy, andeffectiveness.Bythelate1980s,integratedmodelswereemergingthatcould deal with multi-theater conflict, better represent the air–land battle, and (in at least some work) represent adaptive alternative military strategies. Despite such progress, and many substantial accomplishments, those of us helpingtheDepartmentofDefensetoreviewthestateofcombatmodelinginthe early 1990s were very troubled by the haphazard and often mysterious relation- ships among models, issues of validity (especially where models could not real- isticallybetestedagainstharddata),thecontinuedfailuretoincorporatethe“soft factors”knowntobecrucialinwarfare(e.g.therelatedeffectsofleadership,troop quality, morale, training, the second-class treatment of command and control), and the failure to deal well with uncertainty (which has been and remains a profound problem to this day). There were concerns as well about the severe limitations of the era’s modeling and simulation methods, which were lagging whatwaspossibletechnologicallyascomputersciencewasyieldingtechnologies with major implications for software engineering in the large (e.g. compos- able rather than monolithic systems), in specific methods (e.g. object-oriented xi xii Preface programming and agent-based modeling) and for such then-still-visionary con- cepts as distributed interactive simulation and exceedingly accurate entity level simulations of battlefield operations such as were demonstrated by DARPA’s path-breaking SIMNET program. In imagining what might be possible in the way ahead, a recurring observa- tion was that the field of combat modeling needed to be more professionalized: those building the increasingly complex and important simulations should have shared foundational knowledge of subject matter, the art and science of actually building simulations, and the technology that was allowing far more advanced modeling and simulation. At the time, there was no academic infrastructure for collecting or conveying such knowledge systematically. Not surprisingly, there werefewdedicatedprofessionaljournalsandtextbooks,andnoreal“community” of what the current book properly refers to as simulationists. Andnowwecometothepresent.Manyproblemsandchallengesremainand I remain one of the more impatient of critics. However, what has been accom- plished is stunning. Distributed war games and simulations are taken for granted as part of the way we do business in training and exercising. In actual war, command and control includes near-continuous interaction of component com- manders in geographically dispersed locations who share incredible amounts of informationandhavearemarkabledegreeofsharedawareness.Missionrehearsal can sometimes use the same simulations as for training and even weapon system analysis. The more privileged workers routinely bring to bear powerful, rea- sonably standardized software engineering methods for model composition and federation. To be sure, the best versions of all this are very different from what is often the norm, but a craft and profession has been emerging. The current book reflects this evolution. In one volume it combines a wealth of information relating to everything from foundational knowledge on representing the key ele- ments of military operations; to technology for building powerful, adaptive, and interoperable simulations; to assuring that the simulation products relate well to the mindsets, needs, and language of military users. Remarkably, and as another indication of how far we have come, the book even contains material on pro- fessional ethics and good practices. Much of the book reflects Professor Tolk’s experience building a coherent academic curriculum and teaching many of its related courses. Other chapters bring in the insights and experience of diverse expertsfromanumberoforganizations.Thebookisamilestoneaccomplishment for which the editor and authors should be congratulated. Paul K. Davis The RAND Corporation July, 2011
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