Engineering Geological Advances in Japan for the New Millenium

363 Pages·2000·25.36 MB·English

by  Y. Kanaori, et al.,

Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 84
Engineering Geological Advances
in Japan for the New Millennium
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Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 84
Engineering Geological Advances
in Japan for the New Millennium
Edited by
Yuji Kanaori
Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Japan
Kazuhiro Tanaka
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko City, Japan
and
Masahiro Chigira
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2000
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam -- Lausanne ~ New York-- Oxford -- Shannon -- Singapore -- Tokyo
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Preface vii
The geology of the Japanese Islands is enormously complicated because of the active
tectonism that has taken place on the boundary between the Pacific and Eurasian plates. Geological forma-
tions there are intricately deformed and displaced by many active faults. Hence, in planning for and siting
large construction projects, such as nuclear power stations, underground power stations, the underground
facility for High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLW), more detailed investigations are necessary than in more
stable parts of the world. Only then can assessments be made as to the long-term stability, hydrological
characteristics, and mechanical characteristics of geological conditions.
Big projects, including the construction of highways and nuclear power stations and new energy deve-
lopments such as those for geothermal energy, have frequently been carried out by electric i~ower compa-
nies and the Japanese ministries of Construction, Trade, and Industries. In addition, national institutions
such as the Science and Technology Agency have researched the HLW depository in geologic formations
for its long-term public safety. Engineering geologists have participated in these projects and they have
played an important role in assessing the geological environment. They also have contributed to developing
new technologies such as generating electric power from hot dry rocks or the safe storing of nuclear wastes
in underground depositories.
Also, natural disasters occur frequently in the Japanese Islands. Debris-avalanches, landslides, and slope
failures are triggered by localized torrential downpours in the wet season, "Bai-u" in Japanesei and typ-
hoons bring much precipitation every year. Many people were killed by pyroclastic flows from the 1991
eruption of Mt. Unzen and by the 1995 magnitude-7.2 Southern Hyogo Prefecture (Kobe) earthquake. Eng-
ineering geologists have contributed to the mitigation of natural disasters induced by earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides.
Stone is gradually deteriorated and altered because rocks become weathered at and near the Earth's sur-
face. This phenomenon sometimes causes serious problems in engineering geology. Problems now clai-
ming the attention of engineering geologists include the long-term effects Jo f the HLW facility on host
rocks, the chemical and physical mechanisms by which acid rain attacks stone, the mineralogical changes,
and the changes produced in weathering profiles that may result in increased susceptibility to landslides. To
solve such problems, we must understand the fundamental processes of rock weathering and stone decay.
There have in the past been few opportunities to describe the state of engineering geology in Japan to
scientists and engineers outside Japan. This book offers recent research studies in engineering geology in
Japan. Of course, this book does not cover all the fields of research in which Japanese engineering geolo-
gists have been involved. Rather, it contains material of scope and importance sufficient to allow enginee-
ring geologists throughout the world to understand more of the present state of research and study in Japan.
We hope that this book also contributes to advances in Engineering Geology in the new millennium.
This book consists of 27 papers: 11 papers were published in Engineering Geology, Vol. 55, Nos 1-2
(2000), while all the others were included in Engineering Geology, Vol. 56, Nos 1-4 (2000). These papers are
arranged into five chapters in this book edition.
Yuji Kanaori
Yamaguchi University, Department'of Earth Sciences,
1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, 753-8512, Japan
Kazuhiro Tanaka
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry,
Civil Engineering Laboratory,
1646 Abiko, Abiko City, 270-1112, Japan
Masahiro Chigira
Disaster Prevention Research Institute,
Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji,
Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
CONTENTS ix
Preface vii
Chapter l:New Technology and its Application
Three-dimensional miarolitic cavity distribution in the Kakkonda
granite from borehole WD-1 a using X-ray computerized tomography
The use of X-ray CT to measure the diffusion coefficients of heavy
ions in water-saturated porous media 11
Detection of hydraulic pathways in fractured rock masses and estimation
of conductivity by a newly developed TV equipped flowmeter 19
Case studies of electrical and electromagnetic methods applied to mapping
active faults beneath the thick Quaternary 29
A new technique for rapid and non-destructive measurement of rock-surface
moisture content; preliminary application to weathering studies of sandstone
blocks 47
Chapter 2" In-situ Experiments 55
Stress estimated by using microseismic clusters and its relationship to the
fracture system of Hijiori hot dry rock reservoir 55
Strain monitoring ofborehole diameter changes in heterogeneous jointed
wall rock with chamber excavation; estimation of stress redistribution 71
Non-sorbing tracer migration experiments in fractured rock at the
Kamaishi mine, Northeast Japan 83
In-situ experiments on an excavation disturbed zone induced by mechanical
excavation in Neogene sedimentary rock at Tono mine, central Japan 105
Chapter 3 : Site Characterization 117
Seismic risk assessment of an active fault system: the example of the
Tsurugawan-Isewan tectonic line 117
Geotechnical evaluation of conglomerate for compressed air energy
•s torage: the influence of the sedimentary cycle and filling minerals in the
rock matrix 133
Time-dependent ground motion amplification characteristics at
reclaimed land after the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake 145
Overview of the stability and barrier functions of the granitic geosphere
at the Kamaishi mine: relevance to radioactive waste disposal in Japan 159