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Engineering Drawing Guide PDF

166 Pages·2002·4.3 MB·Urdu
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0*1la4-1 2052 U 15"C-JL^w il(..i_0500001. teA^^ -^tUl^i/dUj^l/t^ ^ -3 f^ w^ 'J^^^ ^ CONTENTS (1) DrawingInstrumentsandMaterials-------- i to 4 (2) LinesandLettering------------------------ s to 14 ------------------------------- L/yr (3) Singsand Symbols------------------------ 15 to is----------- (4) BasicConstructions------------------------16 to 19 (5) GeometricalConstructions--------------- 20 to 38 (6) ConicSections------------------------------39 to 54 (7) Scales----------------------------------------55 to s? (8) ProjectionsofPoints- -------------------88 to 102 (9) ProjectionsofSolids--------------........103 to n6 (10) IsometricProjections------------- ------117 12.5 (11) BuildingDrawing----------------------...126to 136 (12) Stairs-------------------------------------- 137 to 142 (13) BrickandBrickworks------------------ us to 150 (14) SepticTank- ---------------------------- isito 151- (15) Trusses------------------------------------152 to 159 ----------------------------------------ij^'j & Drawing Instrument Material Engineering Drawing is the language ofengineers. The accuracyandneatnessofengineeringdrawingdependsonthe quality ofthe instruments used. The drawing can be well preparedwithgoodinstruments.Acomprehensiveknowledge ofthe drawing instruments, material and drawing practices will enable studentsto prepare accurate and neatdrawings. Thedifferentdrawinginstrumentsandmaterials,methodsof usingthemareexplainedbelow. The following list of instruments and other drawing materialisrequiredforthestudents. (1) DrawingBoardwhichshouldbefixedonthestand. (2) MiniDrafter(withouterror) (3) Protractor (4) InstrumentBox (5) FrenchCurves (6) DrawingPaper ((/78ox)) DPernacwii.l.nSg,,haPernpcnielrs(HB, 1H,2H,etc) (Battens)0>r* -<!:c-(f}>?6(+jttoirfv\j&^*. (9) SandPaper(forsharpeningthepencils) (10) DrawingBoardClamps (11) PencilEraser(Rubber)etc. striApsDorfawweilnlgseBaosaorndedissorfetctwaonogdul,aranidntshheaptewoanbdatitsemnsadfeixeodf ^, ^^^^*'?-^^. ~^(/^ot+ bQquareMsj*l/1*d^ic* ^ atthebackoftheDrawingBoard. TheDrawingBoardshouldbefixed onthemetallicstand or kept any other table, with its working surface sloping downwardstowardsthestudentforconvenience. NowadaysSet-Squaresaremadeoftransparentmaterials, the lines underneath can beeasily seen. The Set-Square are triangular in shapeandoneoftheangles isarightangle. ^J?OJ(/^^jfbx(Semi Circular Semi Circular Protractors are generally made of transparentplasticmaterial,theworkingedgeofProtractor isusuallybevelled. TheSemi-CircularProtractorisabout 100mmindiameter andisgraduatedatevery 1 intervalreadablefromboththe ends. The straight line that is markedjoining & 180 is calledthe base ofthe Protractor. The Centre ofthe.base is markedbyalineperpendiculartoit. The Compass isthe mostfrequentlyused element inthe instrumentbox.Itisusedfordrawingcircleswithpencil. It consistsoftwolegshangedtogetheratthetopend(figIM3). Anadjustablepointedneedleisfittedatthelowerendofone leg.Apencilleadisinsertedatthelowerendoftheotherleg whichisprovidedwithakneejoint. For drawing circles of small diameter and arcs of comparatively smallerradii,SmallBowCompass(figIM6) \,iJ^bwJUs(Frenchcurves)^!) isused. Divider also consists oftwo legs hinged together at the top end. A steel point is provided at the lower end ofeach leg. (figlM?) fx> French Curves are also made oftransparent material. Theseareusedtodrawcurvedlines. Drawing Pencils is the most important tool used in engineeringdrawing. DrawingPencils aremade in different grades. The "HB" grade pencil is medium soft and dark in blackcolour,whereas 1H,2H,gradepencilshardandlightin blackcolour. "HB" Pencil isused forfreehandworks. Thin and lightlinesdrawnby 1H&2Hpencils. Drawing Pins are used to fix the drawing sheet oh the drawing board at the required place. Frequent use ofpins ^. <,*jjrt / spoiledthesurfaceoftheboard.ltisbettertouseboardclamps insteadofpins. Eraser(Rubber)isusedtoremovetheextralinesandline drawn bymistakes. The eraserused shouldbe suchthatthe *> surfaceofthedrawingpaperisnotspoiledinanyway.Useof & erasershouldbeminimizebyproperplanning. _;FiguresforDrawingInstrument&Materialwillbeshown * inthenextpages. Drawingboard Parallel bar \ arms Protractor ^-Drawingsheet i

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