Engineering design handbook. Military pyrotechnics series. Part IV. Design of ammunition for pyrotechnic effects

291 Pages·2016·16.81 MB·English

AD/A-000 821
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK - MILITARY
PYROTECHNICS SERIES. PART FOUR.
DESIGN OF AMMUNITION FOR PYROTECHNIC
EFFECTS
Army Materiel Command
Alexandria, Virginia
15 March 1974
(cid:127)'- DISTRIBUTED BY: I
--------------------------------------------
~.
J. .* * - * . . . . . .
N T nical uIr|maI Seve
U.S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
B AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706-188
ENGINEERING DESIGN
0
HANDBOOK
MILITARY PYROTECHNICS SERIES
Iii
D DC
PART FOUR
NOV 1974
DESIGN OF AMMUNITION FOR
PYROTECHNIC EFFECTS
i,:Reprduced by .I -
NATIONAL TECHNICAL Appu-,,e. r.
~INFORMATION SERVICE- •
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"U Deartmof(cid:127)n t Coint rco T ,
,'pringfield VA 22151 .
HEADQUARTERS, US ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND MARCH 1974
CORRE CTED
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AMC PANMWU.
14D. 706-188 15 March 1974
MILZTARY PYr n UIIXCS SE1.:-I
FtPAr VIM, MSI(2Wl OF AMIITION FM
TAME OF CWTM
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t
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............. xii
LIST OF TABLES ...................... xvii
LIST OF SYMOOLS ..................... xix
PREFACE ............................ xxvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1-1 scope ................................
. -,. 1-2 Purpose ............................... 1-I
1-3 Role of Pyg cknicAmnmmnitioi ............ I-
CHAPTER 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES
SECTION 1. VISIBLE AND NONVISIBLE RADIATION
2-1 Illumiaatioa Propertins.....................2--I
2-1 .1; Intensity ............................ 2-1
2-1.2 Irightaeu ........................... 2-2
2- 1.3 Surface Hlwnination ................... 2-2
2-1.4 Contrast ............................ 2-2
2-2 Spectral Distribution ..................... 2-4
2-..: Discrete Spectra ....................... 2-4
4.2 S2 Continuous Spectra .................... 2-5
-2.3 Color Effects ........................ 2-5
- -3 Infrared and Ultravi let Radiation .......... 2-7
1(cid:127)-4 Transmission of Light .................... 2-9
"Reflection ........................... 2-9
-4.2 Absorption .......................... 2-9
- 4.3 Attenuation .......................... 2-10
SECTION i1. HEAT
--5 Thermal Properties ...................... 2-10
tit
&~ "~~-~A
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
Paragraph Page
2 5 I Quantity of Heat ...................... 12-10
2-5.2 Temperature .......................... 2--0
2-5,3 Heat Capacity ........................ 2. -Il
2 5.4 Phase Changes ........................ 2.- il
2-5.5 Heats of Reaction ..................... 2- II
2 -6 Transfer otf Heat Energy .................. 2-11
2 .6.1 Conduction ........................... 2-Il
"2 (1.2 Convection .......................... 2-12
2--6.3 Radiation ... ........................ 2-13
SECTION 111. SOUND
2 -7 Intensity ............................... 2-14
2 8 Wa velength ............................ 2-. 14
2-9 Effect of the Medium .................... 2--15
References ............................ 2- 17
CHAPTER 3. PYROTECHNIC TERMINAL EFFECTS
SECTION 1. VISIBLE LIGHT
3 1 Illum ination ........................... . 3- 1.
3-1.1 Requirements ........................ 3--l
3 -1.2 Effect of Field Conditions .............. 3--I
3 1.3 Effect of Flare Height and Intensity ....... 3-5
3-- 1.4 Multiple Soure Illumination ............. 3-7
3-1.5 Flare Location ........................ 3-9
3 -1.o Estimates of Flare Size .................. 3-9
3 i .7 Typical Illuminating Candles ............ 3-11
3 -2 Signaling, Marking, and Warning ............ 3- 12
3 -2.1 Types of Device ...................... 3-12
3 2.2 Visibility Considerations ................ 3-14
3 -2.3 Height Considerations ............. .... 3-15
3 -2.4 Typical Devices ....................... 3- i o
3 3 Tracking .............................. 3- 17
3 4 Photography ........................... 3-18
3 -4.1 G eneral ............................. 3--18
3 4.2 Sensitive Films ........................ 3-18
3--4.3 Light Source Requirements .............. 3-19
3 --4.4 Synchronization ...................... 3-20
3--5 Sim ulation ............................ 3-21
SECTION I1. NONVISIBLE LIGHT
3-. 6 IR Radiation .................. ........ 3-21
3-.6.1 General ............................. 3-21
3--6.2 Con-iderations for IR Pyrotechnic Devices 3-22
. .
I'I
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Can't.)
Paragraph Page
3--6.3 IRTargets ...................... .... 3-22
* 3-7 Tracking .............................. 3-22
3 -8 Photography ..................... ...... 3-23
3--8.I General ............................. 3-23
3 -8.2 IR Filh s ............................ 3-23
3-8.3 Light Sources ........................ 3-23
SECTION 111. SMOKE
3--9 Marking, Signaling, and Warning ............ 3-24
3 9.1 Physical Characteristics of Smoke ......... 3--24
3-9.1.1 Particle Size ................. 3-24
3-9.1.2 Visibility .......................... 3-25
3-9.1.3 Colored Smokes ..................... 3-27
3-9.1.4 Total Obscuring Power ............... 3--28
(cid:127) 3-9.2 Typical Devices ....................... 3-28
3-10 Tracking ............................... 3-31
"3-1 0.1 Use and Characteristics .................. 3 -31
3-10.2 Tracking Devices ...................... 3-32
3 -1I Screening .............................. 3-33
3--1I.1 Properties of Screening Smokes .......... 33-33
3-- 11.2 Smoke Generation ..................... 3- 35
3-11.2.1 Oil Smokes ........................ 3-35
. . 3--il 1Zinc Chloride Smokes ................ 3--36
3--I 1.2.3 White Phosphorus Smokes ............ 3-36
3-11.2.4 Liquid Smoke Agents ................ 3-38
3 -I 1.2.5 New Dev.lopments in Screening Smokes.. 3-40
3-- 12 Simulation ............................ 3-40
3-13 Riot Control ........................... 3-41
3-13.1 Smoke G-neration .................... 3-41
3-13.2 Formation of Dispersed Phase ............ 3-41
3- i.2.i Condensation Process ................. 3-41
3-13.2.2 Dispersion Process .................. 3-41
3-- 13.2.3 Combined Process .................. 3. -41
3--13.3 Devi:es ............................... 3--42
SECTION IV. HEAT AND GAS
3- 14 Igniters and Primers ...................... 3-43
3-14.1 Initiation .................... ....... 3-43
3--14.I.1 The Initiation Process ................ 3-43
3-14 1.2 Electric Initiators ................... 3-43
3- 14.1.3 Mechanical Initiation ................ 3-44
3-14.1.4 Input Requirements .................. . -44
3-14.2 Initiation of Pyrotechnic Delays .......... 3-44
3--14.2.1 Vented Delays ...................... 3-44
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t!
1
AM(cid:127) ?IlNIM
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
Paragraph PaPe
3 14.2.2 Obturated Delays .................... 3-45
3 -14.3 Igniters .. ........................... 3-45-
3 14.4 Ignition of Pyrotechnics ('ompared With
That of Solid Propellants .............. 3-45
3- 15 Incendiaries ... .. .................. 3. -46
3-15.I Small Arms Incendiaries ................ 3.34- t
3-15.2 Incendiaries for Ground Application ...... 3-47
3- 15.3 Special Incendiary Devices .............. 3 48
3- Ib Batteries .............................. 3-50
3-- 16. 1 Battery Typfs and Requirements .......... 3-50
3 -- 16.2 Thermal Battery ...................... 3-51
3- 17 Gas Actuated Devices .................... 3-52
3-- 17.1 Typical Devices ....................... .3-52
3- 17.2 Mcthod of Operation .................. 3-53
3---18 Gas Producing Devices .................... 3-53
SECTION V. FUZING AND TIMING
3-19 Fuzes ................................. 3-56S
3- 19.1 Purpose of a Fuze ..................... 3-56
3--19.2 Timers for Fuze3 ....... ............. 3-56
3- 19.3 Environmental Sensors ................. 3-57
3-19.3.1 The Arming Environment ............. 3-57
3-1i 9.3.2 The Functioning Environment ......... 3-57
3-19.4 Input and Output ..................... 3-57
3-20 Fuses ................................ 3-58
3--21 Delays ................................ 3-60
3--21.1 Spate Limitations ..................... 3-60
3-21.2 Vented Delays ........................ 3-60
-)-21.3 Obturated Delays ...................... 3-61
' - 21.4 I[klay Compositions .................... 3-62
3--21.4.1 Black Powder ...................... 3-62
3--21.4.2 Gasless Compositions ................ 3-62
3-21.5 System Design and Performance .......... 3-63
SECTION VI. OTHER EFFECTS
3 22 Sound ................................ 3-64
3-22.1 Use of Sound-producing Pyrotechnics ...... 3-65
3-22.1.1 Training of Troops and Observers ....... 3-65
3--,2.. 1.2 Decoy and Deception of Enemy Troops . 3-66
3-22.1.3 Warning and Signaling ................ 3-67
3-- 22.1.4 Military Protocol .................... 3-67
3-22.1.5 Sounding .......................... 3-67
3-22.2 Blast Effect .......................... 3-67
3- 22.3 Whistle Effect ... ..................... 3-6,
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- ------ -
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
Paragraph Page
3--23 Luminescence .......................... 3-68
3-24 Ionization ............................. 3-69
3-- 24.1 Creation of Artificial Comet Tail .......... 3.-69
3-24.2 Study of Interplanetary Magnetic Field
Lines ............................. 3--69
3-24.3 Production of Artificial Electron Clouds 3-70
3-24A4 Removal of Electrons front the Normal
Ionosphere . .......... 3-70
3-24.5 Production of Vaporized Metals ............ 3-70
3-25 Destruct Elements ...................... 3-71
3-26 Weather Modification .................... 3-71
3- 26.1 Techniques of Producing Nuclei ........... 3-71
3 26.2 Burning AgI Complex With a Fuel ......... 3-72
3-26.3 Impregnated Wick Generator ............ .3-73
3--26.4 Pyrotechnic Type AgI Generators ...... 3-73
3-27 Combination of Effects .................. 3-74
References ............................ 3-74
CHAPTER 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
4--1 intrbduction ........................... 4-1
4--!.I General ............................ 4-I
4- 1.2 Ballistic Matching ..................... 4 2
R; SECTION I. DELIVERY MODES AND
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
4-2 Delivery Modes ......................... 4-2
4-2.1 Tubes .............................. 4-2
4-22. 1. 1 Mortar............................. 4-2
4-2. 1.2 Recoilless Rifle ..................... 4-2
4-2.1.3 Gun and Howitzer .................. 4-3
4-2.1.4 Small Arms ........................ 4-4
4-2.2 Launchers ...... ...................... 4-4
4-2,.2.1 Rocket ............................ 4-4
4-2.2.2 Other ............................ 4-4
4-2.3 Aircraft Launched .................... 4-6
4-2,3.1 Bomb Release ...................... 4--6
4-2.3.2 Aerodynamic Heating ................ 4-7
4-2,3.3 Characteristics of Pyrotechnic Devices .... 4-8
4-2,4 Other Delivery Modes .................. 4-8
4-2.4.1 Ejector ............................ 4-8
4-2.4.2 Submarine Launched ................ 4-8
4-2.4.3 Manual............................ 4-9
4-3 Design Constraints ...................... 4--9
4-3.1 Performance Requirements .............. 4-9
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.. -....
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Can't.)
Paragraph Pap
4 -3.1.1 Target and Terminal Ballistic Need... 4 9
4 -3.1.2 Environmental Aspects ............... 44- 10
4-3.1.3 Acceleration ......................... 4- II
4 3.1.4 Timing and Sequencing ............... 4 -12
4--3.2 Payload Configuration .................. 4- 13
4--3.2.1 Weight ............................ 4 -13
4 -3.2.2 Size .............................. 4 -13
4 -3.2.3 Geometry ......................... 4 13
4-3.3 Material Choices ........ ............... 4 - 13
4 -3.3.1 Compatibility ....................... 4 -13
4 3.3.2 Sealants .......................... 4 15
SE-CTION II. IGNITION AND BALLISTIC
CONSIDE RATIONS
4 4 Ignition ............................... 4 16
4 -4.1 Ignition Frain .......................... 4 16
4 4.2 Methods of Initiation ................. 4 -It,
4 5 Interior Ballistics ........................ 4- 17
4 5.1 General ............................. 4- 17
4 5.2 Setback Forces ....................... 4 18
4 5.2.1 Stback in the Weapon ............... 4-- 1
4 S.2.2 Effects of Acceleration on Delay
Elements ........................ 4 19
4 5.3 Spin Forces .............-- ........ . .. 4 -1L)
4 5.4 Combined Setback and Spin ............ 4 20
4 5.5 Example of I)sign Procedures ........ 4 21
4 5.5.1 Bearing Stress Between Base Plug and
Projectile Body .................... 4 -22
4 55.2 Co.mbined Stress in the Projectile Bkdy .. 4-- 23
4 -5,5.3 force Required of the Ejection System
1 o Relea., the Base Plug ............ 4 -24
4 5. l!(cid:127),drodynanri Forces................... 4 25
4 5 7 F.olellant Charictristics. ................ 4 -25
4 5.7.1 ('rain (omnpo-Ksition ................... 4 -2o
4 5.7.2 G;rain Swe.......................... 4 2t)
4 5,7.3 (rain Configuration .................. 4 -26
4- 5.7.4 l)enity of Loading ................... 4 -26
4 6 Exterior Ballistics ...................... 4--27
4 o.1 General ....... ..................... 4-27
4- 6.2 Trajectories .......................... 4-27
4--6.3 Stability ............................ 4-- 29
4 6.4 Subprojectile Deployment .............. 4-30D
4 --7 Terminal Ballistic Considerations ............ 4-31
4-7.1 Payload Deployment .................. 4-31
4-7.1.1 Light Producing Payloads ........... 4-31
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K - - - -- -- _
TABLE OF CONTENTS Won't.)
Paragraph hq.p
4-- 7, 1-2 Smoke Producing Payloads ............ --33
4-7. Lt Chemical Agent and Smoke Producing
Payloads ........ ........ 4-33
4 7.2 Flotation ............................ 4 33
4 8 Parachutes and Other Decelerators ........... 4 -3-4
4 -8 1 Parachutes ........................... 4-34
4--8, 1. 1 Parachute Tyros and Nomenilature ...... 4 34
4-8.1.2 Drag .....L. ....................... 4 -36
4-8 13 Canopy Loading .................... 4.- 37
4-8.1.4 Canopy Size ........................ 4-37
4 -8.i5 Variable Payload Weight .............. 4-39
4 -8,1.6 Stability ........................... 4 39
4 -8.1.7 Peak Force Limitations ............... 4-40
4-8.1.8 Reefing ................... 4- 40
4 8.1.9 Deployment Techniques .............. 4-40
4 8.1.10 Bulk and Weight ..................... 4 42
4-8.1.11 Typical Applications ..... ........... 44 42
4 -8,2 Balloons ............................ 4-43
4-8.3 Rigid Decelerators .................... 4 -43
4- 8.4 Dynamic Decelerators ................... 4-43
References ............................ 4-45
C(HAPTER 5, INSTRUMENTATION
5-I General ............. ................. 5--I
5-2 Transducers and Detectors .................. 5- 1
5 -2A General .............................. 5--I
5- 2,2 Piezoelectric Tranisducers ............... .5-1
5- 2.3 Magnetoelectric Transducers ............ 5- 2
5-2.4 Photovoltaic Transducers ................ 5-2
5-2.5 Thermal Electric Transducers ............ - .5--2
5- 2.6 Resistive Transducers .................. 5-2
5- 2,6., Thermoresistive Transducers ............ 5-3
5- 2.6.2 Mechanovariable Resistive Transducers .. - 5-3
5--2,6.3 Electrolytic Cells .................... 5-3
5-- 2.6.4 Photoresistive Ceils .................. 5-3
5 -2.7 Variable Capacitance .................. 5-3
5--2.8 Variable Inductance .................... 5-4
5 2.9 Photoemission ........................ 5-4
5 -2.10 Photographic Techniq.es ................ 5-4
5-3 Light Detectors ........................ 5-4
5-3,1 General Detectors of Light ............... 5-4
5-312 Thermal Detectors .................... 5-5
5- 3.3 Photon Detectors .................... ... 5-6
1
5--3.4 Cell Construction ..................... 5--7
5-3.5 Calibration .......................... 5-8
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TMA E OF CONTENTS tWe(cid:127)%)
5 -4 Smoke Detectors......................... 3-4
5 -5 Heat Detectors .......................... 5--I0
S 6 Pnaufr Trnwndu r .................... 5 I
3.--7 S De tte ........................ s-oI
5-8 Signal ('Coditionmg amd Recoding .......... 5-13
S--8.1 General ('oditioning and Recording
Equipment .................... S-13
S--9,2 Imag Convertee rs .................... 5-16
5-8.3 Meetee .............................. 5-16
S -8.4 Chart Recorders and OcillO gr.ip..s. . h 5--- 16
S-8.4.1 Light beam Galvanometer and Photo-
senstive Paper (Osciloraph) ........ S-1?
S--8.4.2 Electrodynam(cid:127)c Pen Motor Using Ink on
Ordinary Chart Paper .............. S- 17
5--8.4.3 Hectoddmmic Pen Motor Using
Temperuture Sensitive Paper ........ 5 -17
5-8.4.4 Potentiometer Recorder .............. S-I7
S--8.4.5 Sampling Recorder Using Electrosensitive
Paper .......................... 5-I7
5 -8.4.6 Magnetic Tape Recorder ............. 5-I7
S -8.4.7 Cathode Ray OscillocoW ............. 5-18
5 -8.5 Time Measurement and Recording ........ 5--18
5-7? Systems .............................. 5-1 9
S-9.1 Geeral Aspects of Systems ................-- 19
5 -9.2 Field Systems ........................ 5-19
5-9.3 Laboi1'fory and Range Systems ........... 5- 20
References ........................... 5-20
CHAPTER 6. TESTING
6- I General Discussion ..................... 6-I
6-1.1 e Testing Piogram .................. 6-I
6-1.2 Kind 1 Tests ....................... 6-1
6-1.2.1 evelop,.ent Tests .................. 6-I
""51-. 2.2 EvaluationI ,tas. ................... 6-4
6-- 1.2.3 Service Tests ....................... 6-4
-, -- 1.2.4 Surveillance Tests ................... 6-4
6-1.2.5 Malfunction Tests ................... 6-4
6-1.2.b NATO Tests ........................ 6-5
6-2 Light ................................. 6-5
6-2.1 General ............................. 6-5
6--2.2 Laboratory Tests ...................... 6-5
6--2.3 Field Tests ........................... 6-7
6- 2.4 Color Measurement .................... 6-8
6 3 Smroke ................................ 6-9
6-3.1 General .............................. 6-9
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