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AMC PAMPHLET AMP 7061123 PROPERTY OF &MC TECHNICAL LlBRARfo ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK HYDRAULIC FLUIDS ~~ ~ ~ HEAD llA RT ERS, U. S. ARMY MAT ER I E 1 C 0 M MA ND APRIL 1971 AMCP 706-1 23 USTOF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. No . Title Page . . ...................... 1-1 Graphic Symbol for a Three.position. Four-port Hydraulic Valve 1-3 1-2 Graphic Symbols for (A) a Hydraulic Pump With Variable Displacement and Pressure ................. Compensation; and (B) a HydraulicTMotor With Variable Displacement -1-3 ................................. 1-3 Graphic Symbol for a Hydraulic Oscillatory Device 1-3 ..... 1-4 Graphic Symbol for a Variable-flow Hydraulic Volume Control. Such as a Needle Valve 1-3 ....................................... 1-5 Graphic Symbol for a Pressure Relief Valve 1-3 ............................. 2- 1 Rotary Motor Circuit Which Produces Constant Torque 2.2 .............................................. 2-2 Spur Gear Rotary Hydraulic Pump 2.3 .......... 2-3 Typical Operating Characteristic Curves for a Spur Gear Rotary Hydraulic Pump: 2.4 ...................................... 2-4 Crescent Seal Internal Gear Hydraulic Pump 2.4 .......................................... 2- 5 Gerotor Internal Gear Hydraulic Pump 2.4 2-6 Typical Operating Characteristic Curves for a Vane Hydraulic Pump ...................2 -5 .............................................. 2-7 Unbalanced Vane Hydraulic Pump 2.5 2-8 Vane-type Hydraulic Pumps and Motors ......................................... 2.5 ................................................. 2-9 Balanced Vane Hydraulic Pump 2.6 .................................................. 2-10 Axial-piston Hydraulic Pump 2.6 2-1 1 Redial-piston Hydraulic Pump With Rotating Piston Housing ......................... 2-7 ............................... 2-12 Radial-piston Hydraulic Pump With Spherical Pistons 2.7 ............................................... 2-13 Rotating Piston Hydraulic Pump 2.7 ............................... 2- 14 Two-rotor Screw Hydraulic Pump With Helical Gears 2.8 ....................................................... 2-15 TypicalBellowsPump 2.8 ..................................................... 2-16 Typical Diaphragm Pump 2.9 2-17 Rotating Linear Actuator ..................................................... 2.9 .................................................. 2-18 Plunger-type Linear Actuator 2.10 .................................................. 2-19 Telescoping Linear Actuator 2.10 X AMCP 706-1 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd) Fig . No. Title Page . . ................................................. 2-20 Double-acting Linear Actuator 2.10 2-21 Stepped-tandem Linear Actuator ............................................... 2.11 2-22 Dual Linear Actuator ........................................................ 2.11 2-23 Cushioned Double-acting Linear Actuator ........................................ 2.11 2-24 Mounting Arrangements for Linear Actuators .................................... -2-12 2-25 Applications of Linear Actuators ............................................... 2.13 2-26 Typical Operating Characteristic Curves for a Spur Gear Hydraulic Motor ...............2 -14 2-21 Typical Operating Characteristic Curves for a Crescent Seal Hydraulic Motor ..............2. 14 .................. 2-28 Typical Operating Characteristic Curves for a Gerotor Hydraulic Motor 2.15 2-29 Typical Operating Characteristic Curves for a Vane Hydraulic Motor ...................- 2-15 2-30 Typical Single-vane Actuator .................................................. 2.16 2-3 1 Typical Double-vane Actuator ................................................. 2.16 2-32 Helix-spline Rotary Actuator .................................................. 2.16 .................................................. 2-33 Piston-rack Rotary Actuator 2.16 ........................................ 2-34 Diagram of a Hydraulic Intensifier Circuit 2.18 2-35 Basic Configurations of Filter Assemblies ......................................... 2.20 ............................... 2-36 Hydraulic Fluid Filter With Disk-type Filter Elements 2.20 2-3 1 Weight-loaded Hydraulic Accumulator ........................................... 2.22 ........................................... 2-38 Spring-loaded Hydraulic Accumulator 2.22 ............................. 2-39 Nonseparated Pneumatic-loaded Hydraulic Accumulator 2.22 ........................... 240 Diaphragm-typ e Pneumatic-loaded Hydraulic Accumulator 2.23 ............................. 241 Bladder-type Pneumatic-loaded Hydraulic Accumulator 2-23 xi AMCP 706-1 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd) Fig. No . Title Page . . ....................... 2-42 Free-floating Piston, Pneumatic-loaded Hydraulic Accumulator 2-23 ......................... 2-43 Major Types of Sliding-spool Hydraulic Valve Configurations 2.25 .............................................. 2-44 Sketch of a Flapper Seating Valve 2.25 2-45 Direct Spring-loadedP oppet-type Pressure Relief Valve .............................. 2.25 .................................................. 2-46 Jet-pipe Flow-dividing Valve 2.26 2-47 Direct-acting Pressure-relief Valve .............................................. 2-26 ............................................... 2-48 Differential Pressure-relief Valve 2.26 ............................................. 2-49 Pilot-operated Pressure-relief Valve 2.27 ................................................ 2-50 Pilot-operated Unloading Valve 2.27 ......................................................... 2-5 1 Load-dividingvalve 2-27 ............................................................ 2-52 Sequencevalve 2-27 ............................................ 2-53 Counterbalance Back-pressure Valve 2.27 ............................ 2-54 Pressure Reducing Valve (Constant Downstream Pressure) 2.28 2-55 Pressure Regulating Valve (Constant Pressure Differentiat) ........................... 2.28 ............................................................ 2-56 Pressureswitch 2-28 ..................................................... 2-57 Poppet-typecheckvalve 2.29 ................................................... 2-58 Pilot-operated Check Valve 2.29 ........................... 2-59 Mechanically Operated, Nonadjustable Deceleration Valve 2-29 ...................................................... 2-60 '&ee-port Shuttle Valve 21-30 ........................................................... 2-6 1 Time-delayvalve 2-30 ....................................................... 2-62 Disk-type Globe Valve 2.30 xii AMCP 706-1 23 ~ LIST OF ILLdSTRATIONS (cont’d) Fig. No . .Title P.age 2-63 Needlevalve .............................................................. 2-30 2-64 Pressure-compensated Flow-control Valve ........................................ 2.30 2-65 Positive-displacement Metering Valve ............................................ 2-31 2-66 Pressure-compensated Flow-divider ............................................. 2-31 2-67 Two-stage Spool-type Servovalve ............................................... 2.32 2-68 Servovalve Transducers ....................................................... 2-32 2-69 Servovalve Internal Feedback Systems ........................................... 2-33 2-70 Flow Gain of a Spool Valve ................................................... 2.34 2-7 1 Counterflow Plane Wall Heat Exchanger ......................................... 2.37 2-72 Hydraulic Circuit With Air-cooled Heat Exchangers ................................. 2.37 ....................................... 2-73 Shell and Tube Single-pass Heat Exchanger 2.38 2-74 Typical Flare Fittings for Hydraulic Tubing ....................................... 2.41 2-75 Typical Flareless Fittings for Hydraulic Tubing .................................... 241 2-76 Typical Self-sealing Couplings for Hydraulic Hose .................................. 2.42 2-77 Cross-sectional Skeich of a Typical Shock Absorber ................................ 2.43 .................................... 2-78 Sketch of a Hydropneumatic Shock Mechanism 2.43 2-79 Sketch of a Hydropneumatic Recoil Mechanism ................................... 2.43 3- 1 Velocity Distribution in a Liquid Between Two Parallel Plates With the Top Plate Moving ..................................... With Respect to the Stationary Bottom Plate 3.2 ............................. 3-2 Viscosity and Shear Stress Curves for a Newtonian Fluid 3.4 3-3 Viscosity and Shear Stress Curves for a Plastic Material .............................. 3-4 ........................ 34 Viscosity and Shear Stress Curves for a Pseudoplastic Material 3.5 ............................. 3-5 Viscosity and Shear Stress Curves for a Dilatant Material 3.5 3-6 Viscosity and Shear Stress Curves for a Thixotropic Material .......................... 3.5 Xiii AMCP 706-1 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont’d) . . Fig No T.itle page ......................... 3-7 Viscosity and Shear Stress Curves for a Rheopectic Material 3.5 3-8 Viscosity Curves for a Newtonian Fluid and a Non-Newtonian Fluid .................... 3.6 .................................... 3-9 Streamline Flow and Turbulent Flow in a Pipe 3.6 ....................................... 3-10 Cannon-Fenske Capillary Tube Viscometer 3.7 3-1 1 Cross-sectional View of a Saybolt Viscometer ..................................... 3-7 3-12 Cannon-Master Viscometer .................................................... 3.8 ........... 3-13 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Four Military Specification Hydraulic Fluids :3-10 ......................... 3-14 Method of Calculating the ASTM Slope of a Hydraulic Fluid 3.12 ................................. 3-15 Schematic Representation of Viscosity Index (V.I.) 3.13 ..................................................... 3-16 Viscosity Blending Chart 3.15 .............. 3-17 Viscosity vs Pressure at Several Temperatures for a Typical Petroleum Fluid 3-16 .................... 3-18 Viscosity vs Temperature at Various Pressures for MLO-60.50 Fluid 3-17 3-19 Schematic Diagram of Pump Test Apparatus for Determining Shear Stability of Hydraulic ................................................................... Fluids 3-19 ........ 3-20 Effect of Shear Upon Viscosity of a MIL-H-5606B Hydraulic Fluid in a Pump Test 3-20 3-2 1 Effect of Sonic Irradiation on the Viscosity of a MJLH-5606B Hydraulic Fluid ...........3 .20 ............................ 3-22 Cleveland Open Cup Flash and Fire Point Test Apparatus 3.23 ...................................... 3-23 High-pressure Spray Ignition Test Apparatus 3.25 ...................................... 3-24 Low-pressure Spray Ignition Test Apparatus 3.25 ........................................... 3-25 Hot Manifold Ignition Test Apparatus 3.26 ............................... Test Apparatus for the Pipe Cleaner Evaporation Test 3.27 3-26 XiV AMCP 706-1 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont’d) . . Fig No .Title P.age ........................................ 3-27 Autoignition Temperature Test Apparatus 3-28 3-28 Spontaneous Ignition Temperature of a MILO-5606 Fluid in Air in Contact With Various Surfaces As a Function of Test Chamber Pressure ................................... 3-29 3-29 Spontaneous Ignition Temperature of a Chlorinated Phenyl Methyl Silicone in Air in ................ Contact With Various Surfaces As a Function of Test Chamber Pressure 3.30 3-30 Spontaneous Ignition Temperature of Seven Hydraulic Fluids at Atmospheric Pressure in ............. Contact With a Pyrex Glass Surface As a Function of Oxygen Concentrations 3.31 ...................... 3-31 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature of Typical Fluids (Approximate) 3-33 3-32 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature of Several Types of Hydraulic Fluids .................... 3.34 .... 3-33 Cut-away Sketch of the Evaporation Loss Apparatus Used in ASTM D972 Test Method 3.35 ............................ 3-34 Density vs Temperature of Typical Fluids (Approxkate) 3.36 ..... 3-35 Density vs Temperature of Several Types of Hydraulic Fluids at Atmospheric Pressure 3.37 3-36 Relative Density vs Pressure at Several Temperatures of a Typical Fluid Conforming to .............................................................. MILH-5606B 3-38 3-37 Density vs Pressure at Several Temperatures for MLO-60-50 Fluid (an ester of ........................................................ trimethylolpropane) 3-39 ..... 3-38 Coefficient of Cubical Expansion vs Temperature of Several Types of Hydraulic Fluids 3-40 .... 3-39 Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer for Determining Density and Specific Gravity of Liquids 3-41 ............ 3-40 Singham Pycnometer for Determining Density and Specific Gravity of Liquids 3-41 .................... 3-41 Specific Heat vs Temperature of Several Types of Hydraulic Fluids 3-43 .............. 3-42 Thermal Conductivity vs Temperature of Several Types of Hydraulic Fluids 3-44 AMCP 706-12 3 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd) Fig . No . T.itle page .................... 3-43 Fluid Percent Volume Compression vs Pressure of Typical Fluids -3-45 3-44 Bulk Modulus vs Pressure-A Generalized Relationship for a Variety of Fluids Over .. ~- .........~ .......................................... the Range of 32" to 425" F 3-47 ......................... 3-45 Example Representation of Secant and Tangent Bulk Moduli 3-48 ................ 3 4 Apparatus for Measurement of Adiabatic Bulk Modulus by Sonic Speed 3.49 347 Graph of Constant Used in Eq. 3-27 .... ........................................ 3.50 ..................................................... 3-48 Emulsion Test Apparatus 3.53 ..................................................... 3-49 FoamingTestApparatus 3-53 ........................... 3-50 Nitrogen Solubility vs Pressure of Two Petroleum Products 3.55 ....................................... 3-51 Air Solubility vs Pressure of Typical Fluids 3.55 .................................................... 3-52 Trace Sediment Test Tube 3.57 ..... 3-53 Coefficient of Friction in the Transition from Hydrodynamic to Boundary Lubrication 3.58 ....................................... 3-54 Five Bench-type Friction and Wear Testers 3.62 3-55 Cavity Formation and Collapse Between Rollers or ................................................................ GearTeeth 3.83 ...................................... 3-56 Cavity Formation and Collapse in an Wice 3.84 ...................................... 3-57 Relative Radiation Resistance of Elastomers 3.89 .............................. 3-58 Relative Radiation Resistance of Thermosetting Resins 3.90 .............................. 3-59 Relative Radiation Resistance of Thermoplastic Resins 3.91 41 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Liquids MILL1 0295A. MILL2 1260A. ................................. MIL-H-27601A( USAF). and MILH-46OOqORD) 4-56 42 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Liquids W.L800. MILL2 104B. ....................................... MILF.25598(USAF). and MILL45 199A 4-57 AMCP 706-1 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (concluded) Fig . No . Title 4-3 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Liquids MILH-8446B and ....................................................... MICH-l9457B(SHIPS) 4-58 4-4 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Liquids MIL-H-5606BYM IL.H.6083C. .................................................... andMILF-l711I(NORD) 4-59 4-5 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Liquids MILL6085A. MILG7808G. ......................................................... and MILL-23699A 4-60 .................. 4-6 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Commercial Phosphate Ester Liquids 4-61 .................... 47 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Commercial Hydrocarbon Liquids 4.62 4-8 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Commercial Polysiloxane. Halocarbon. and Fluorolube .................................................................. Liquids 4-63 .................. 4-9 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Commercial Phosphate Ester Liquids 4-64 ................ 4-10 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Commercial Halofluorocarbon Liquids 4.65 .................................... 4-1 1 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Requirements for MIL-H-1391O B. ................................... MILH.22072A(WP). and MIGG46002(ORD) 4.66 4-12 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Requirements for W.B-680a. MIS-10 1 37. ..................................................... andMILS-81087A(AGS) 4-67 4-13 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Requirements for MIGH.l3866B(MR). ......................................... MILL17672B. and MIL-H-81019(WEP) 4-68 414 Viscosity-temperature Graphs of Specification Requirements for MILH.13919B. .......................................... MILF.l7111(NORD).andMI S.10150 4-69 ......................................... 6-1 One-gal Screw Cap Can. Type V. Class 4 6.1 .......................................... 6-2 One-qt Hermetically Sealed Can. Type I 6.2 .......................................... 6-3 One-pt Spout Top Can. Type V. Class 8 6.2 6-4 Markings on Top and Side of 55-gal Drum ........................................ 6-4 ........................................ 6-5 Markings on Sides of 5-gal Tight-head Pail 6.5 xvii AMCP 706-1 23 LIST OF TABLES Table No . T.itle P.age .......................................... 2- 1 Loss Coefficients of Hydraulic Systems 2-39 ........................ 2-2 Dimensions and Characteristics of Pipe for Hydraulic Systems 2.40 .................................................... 2-3 Wall Thickness Equivalents 2-40 3-1 Viscosity Requirements of Five Specification Hydraulic Fluids ........................ 3.9 ............................................ 3-2 Estimated Shear Rates of Lubricants 3.16 ....................... 3-3 Pour Point Requirements of Four Military Specification Fluids 3.21 ........................ 3-4 Flash Point Requirement of Five Military Specification Fluids 3.23 .............................................................. 3-5 BulkModulus 3-46 ................................... 3-6 Foaming Requirement of Military Specifications 3.54 .............................. 3-7 Maximum Operating Temperature of Hydraulic Fluids 3.67 ............................ 3-8 Oxidation and Varnishing Resistance of Hydraulic Fluids 3.68 .................................... 3-9 Deterioration Temperature of Hydraulic Fluids 3.69 ......................................... 3-10 Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic Fluids 3.69 ......................................... 3-1 1 Radiation Resistance of Hydraulic Fluids 3.70 ......................................... 3-12 Liquid-metal Corrosiveness Test Methods 3.77 ............ 3-13 Oxidation-corrosion Limits of Several Military Hydraulic Fluid Specifications 3-78 ..................................... 3-14 Fog or Humidity Corrosiveness Test Methods 3.79 ........................................... 3-15 Gear-box Corrosiveness Test Methods 3.80 ............................ 3-16 Effect of Mechanical and Liquid Variables on Cavitation 3.82 ...................................................... 3-17 Properties of Elastomers 3.84 ........... 3-18 Common Trade Names and Recommended Uses of Basic Types of Elastomers 3.86