Engineering Design Handbook - Breech Mechanism Design

251 Pages·1979·16.388 MB·English

Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
G~RCOM
1 U AIM-47625
PAMPHLET
CID
ENGINEERING ESIGN
7
L0
S.HANDBOOK.
BREECH MECHANISM DESIGN
DDC TAB
Ulksamounced 2
Justification
I__t(cid:127) .:,,,"-(cid:127) i y Code.s'
I I~A ail a/or ;
sEtDJ speclal1
9
.FEB.
S ARMY MATERIEL DEVELOPMENT AND READINESS COMMAND
Downloadedr fro-mU httNp://wIIwTCw.eEverMyspe c.com S TMENT OF CI(cid:127);4rIE
(cid:127)' I'ntional Terchnical Information Service
,(cid:127)..L.-(cid:127) 5795 Port Royal Road
* Springield. Virgtiva
S
Date.' NNT S Control I
TO: Cefen eDoc(cid:127).een'tation 'Center - DDC/TC
C(cid:127)neron Stati.n
Alexandria, Virginia 22314
FRO.: NTIS, Input Braftch
M A 0 7 9 6 6
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161 -
2 d op4ap
Reriort.7 "r COM P D
A
Title: ~
Sujec report is /-7" Standard Process t STC report. SIC SpecialT
Subject reporcisl Te 0olg-
Group. [7 ctute-r Product. - Follow up date.. I
/ The report will be accessioned by DDC. The form noting the ADA number is
returned.
-- The report has been assigned the ADA number noted above and is returned to
NTIS for processing.
/7 DDC will not process ;he repor-t. It is returned to NTIS.
, z .
Hag Tape Price s
______ Z i L
PC & I-IF Pricejj-T Source-4
Stock quantity IrSource Share__________
Comments: , "
Signature Cfor billing)
Copy when completed to .1
Fiiiancc Branch.
&1
DOD Report Action Requl~st
(Replaces NTIS-164 5-72)
* . A~~1. ', -.*(cid:127),
• :I < ":':
. . •A, .. ,. .. .4, , . 4,(cid:127)" . . 4.. .. . .4
:"."o;.'. " , X.:" ' (cid:127) . ' , -; .I" .' . , . ; '". ,.,. ' . - .., " .", .i .i " . . .(cid:127) ' :./ .. '"''
• -.F: (cid:127)(cid:127),.=:-.' ' : (cid:127) ., . .; ., A• -'," ...- , '.. '.' .(cid:127) " .. - . .; .t>' -.-- - t" , ,l':,(cid:127):.' .,.' ... ,7 .. .'(cid:127) .. (cid:127)*(cid:127) '
q . .. ....... . ..... * .... ' " " ' 4." --. ' .r
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
ft 2#RCOM-P 708-253
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
HEADQUARTERS US ARMY MATERIEL DEVELOPMENT AND READINESS COMMAND
5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22333
FiDARCOM PAMPHLET February 1919
No. 706-253 tiV
L* ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK
BREECH MECHANISM DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page.
LISTOF ILLUSTRATiONS ....................................... vii
LISI'OFTABLES................................................ x
PREFACE ...................................................... xi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1-1 Handbook Scope....... ......................................... . -1
[
1-2 Terminology With 'Resvect o~ Caliber................ ...... ........... 1-2
i -2.ý Breech Mechanism Definition..................................... 1-2
1-2.' Breech Mechanism Functions ....................... .............. 1-2
1-3 Typical Operational Cycik. ............... .......................... !-3
SECTIION 11. BREECH MECHANISIM TYPES
1-4 Application Considerations ......................................... 1-4
1-4.2 Sl-Propeled Weapons. ............................................ 1-7
1-4.2 TefPow eleWde ~apons... ........................................... 1-4
1-4.3 Ammunition D~ictates........................................... 1-10
1-44 Raie of Fire........................................ ............ 1-11
1-5 Types of Closure .................... ............................. 1-1 1
1-5.1 Interrupted Screw ..................................... .......... 1-12
1-52 Sliding Wedge........................ ...................... ... 1-14I
1-5.3 Sr~parahle Chamber ............. ................................ 1-17
1-5.4 Eccentric Screw ..................................... ........... 1-22
1-5.5 Developmental and Experim-ental Closure Concepts..................... 1-24
*1-6 Mechaniskea and Component Breakdown ............................... 1-24
* 1-6.1 Breech Structtsre/Closure ..................... ...... ............. 1-25
1 -6.2 Operating Mechanism ......................... .................. 1-27
1- 6.3 Firing Mechanism ............. ........ ...... .................. 1-27
-633 E3leecutsriinc fraSnadr tELlaeicgtAricr.-n Ptoer..c. .u..s..s.i.o..n1 .F:1i-r6in.3g. 1M locha~iism....................1-28
) 1-6.3.2 Percusmion for Cased Ammunition . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ......... 1-29
1-6.3.3_ Pec sinfrS p rt-Lo dn __ m_ _ u __ii n __ . _. . .. . . . . . . . -.
~ -6.4 Safety !nterlocks ............. ..................... ............. 1-32
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
DARCOM-P 706-!!k
TABLE OF CONTENTS (%;ont'd)
Paragraph Page
1-6.5 Extracting Mechanism ............................ ............... 1-32
1-6.6 Obturating Mechanism .......................................... 1-33 [
SECTION 111. DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY
1-7 Interfaces With Other Subsystems .................................... 1-34
1-7.1 General ....................................................... 1-34a
1- 7.2 Ammunition ................................................... 1-35
1-8 Design Procedure.................................................. 1-35
1.8.1 Desiimn Layout.................................................. 1-36
1-8.2 Design Analysis................................................. 1-36
1- 8.3 Material Selection............................................... 1-37
1-8.4 Engineering Drawings............................................ 1-37
1-8.5' Summary...................................................... 1-37
References....................................................... 1-38
CHAPTER 2. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
SECTION 1. OVERVIEW....................... 2-1
SECTION 11. AMMUNITION INFLUENCE
2-1 Fixed Ammunition................................................ 2-4Ma
2-2 Semnifixed Ammunition............................................. 2-4
2-3 Separate- Loading Ammunition ...................................... 2-4
2-4 Consumable Case Round ........................................... 2-9
2-5 Rocket-Type Rounds .............................................. 2-11
SECTION 111. WEAPON INTERFACES
2-6 Tube and Chamber................................................ 2-1 1
J
2-7 Bore Evacuation and Scavenger Systems................................ 2-14
2-8 Recoil System .................................................... 2-14
2-9 Mounts....................... .................................. 2-16
2-10 Fire Control ..................................................... 2-17
2-10.1 Fire Control Equipment.......................... I................ 2-17
2-10.2 Dimensional Relationships between Weapon Components and Fire Control
Compensation Devices ......................................... 2-18
SECTION IV. BREECH AND SUBASSEMBLIES DESIGN EXAMPLES
2-11 Operating Mechanisms............................................. 2-20
2-j11. i Horizontal Sliding Wedge............ ............................. 2-20
2-11.2 Vertical Sliding Wedge ........................................... 2-26
2-11.3 Interrupted Screw............................................... 2-31
2-12 Firing Mechanisms................................................ 2-37
2-12.1 Continuous-Pull Percussion, M 13..................237f" p
2-12.2 Spring Actuated, Inertia Percussion................................. 2-38 fi
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
DARCOM-P 706-253
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
Paragraphi Page
2-12.1 Percussion Hammer ............................................. 2-43
2-12.4 Cont inuous- Pull Percussion, In-Line Hammer......................... 2-48
2-13 Extracting Mechanism ............................................. 2-51L
2-14 Obturating Mechanism ............................................ 2-55
SECTION V. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
2-15 Operating Methods................................................ 2-60
2-15.1 Manual Operation............................................... 2-60
2-1 5.2 Semiautomatic Operation ......................................... 2-60
2-15.2.1 Internal Power................................................ 2-60
2-15.2.2 External Power ............................................... 2-61
2-16 Elevating and Traversing Intcrfaces................................... 2-64
2-17 Operating Simplicity................. I............................. 2-64
SECTION VI. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2,18 Rate of Fire ...................................................... 2-65h
2-19 Weight ......................................................... 2-65
2-20 Space Constraints................................................. 2-68
2-20.1 Turret Guns ................................................... 2-68
2-20.2 Field Guns..................................................... 2-69
2-20.3 Loading.......................................................2-69
2-20.4 Ejection...................................................... 2-70
2-20.5 Recoil............................... ......................... 2-70
2-21 Dynamic Loading................................................. 2-70
2-21.1 Pressure ...................................................... 2-70
2-21.2 Force ......................................................... 2-71
2-21.3 Tem~perature................................................... 2-71
2-22 Man/Machine Relationships ........................................ 2-74I
2-22. 1 Human Engineering ............................................. 2-74
2-22.2 Operating Effort and Range of Motion ......... ..................... 2-76
2-23 Safety .......................................................... 2-76
2-23.1 Safety Program ................................................. 2-78
2-23.2 Malfunctions................................................... 2-80
2-24 Climatic Environment .............................................. 2-80
2-25 Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Durability (RAM-D)...........2-80
2-25.1 Reliability ..................................................... 2-85
2-25.2 Maintainability................................................. 2-85
2-26 Producibility..................................................... 2-86
2-27 Thread Connections............................................... 2-87
2-28 Material Selection................................................. 2-88
Rd4erences....................................................... 2-96 .
Bibliography..................................................... 2-100
iiAl
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
DANCOM-P 70-263
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
ParagrapA Page
CHAPTER 3.
DESIGN CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES-INITIATION THROUGH PROTOTYPE
3-0 List of Symbols ................................................... 3-1
SECTION 1. TACTICAL INPUTS TO DESIGN
3-1 Required Operational Capability ........................... ......... 3-3
3-2 Weapon Application and Mission..................................... 3-3
3-3 Rate of Fire ...................................................... 3-3
3-4 Ammunition Requirements........................I............. I.... 3-3
SECTION 11. DESIGN PROCESS
3-5 Establishing Feasibility............................................. 3-4
3-6 Functional Design Layouts .......................................... 3-4
3-7 Subassembly Layouts; Component Details.............................. 3-4
3-8 Materials ....................................................... 3-7
3.9 Breech Mechanism Integration With Weapon System..................... 3-8
3-10 Interface With Analysis............................................. 3-8
SECTION Ill. DESIGN ANALYSES
3-11 Kinematic Analysis................................................ 3-9
3-12 Kinetic Analysis .................................................. 3.9
3-13 Stress Analysis .................................................. 3..39
3-14 Weight Analysis .................................................. 3-10
3-15 Reliability Analysis................................................ 3-10
3-15.1 Mechanical System Limitations .................................... 3-11
3-15.2 Standard Prediction Techniques.................................... 3-13
3-15.3 Probabilistic Design .......... .................................. 3-13
3-16 Computer Usage ........ ......................................... 3-14
3-17 Typical Breech Component Illustrative Design Calculations.................3-15
3-17.1 Kinematic Analysis of Breech Operating Crank ........................ 3-16
3-17.2 Kinetic Analysis of Breech Operating Crank .......................... 3-20
3-17.3 Dynamic Analysis for Breech Recoil Parameters ....................... 3-24
3-17.4 Stress Analysis of Opzn Breech Ring................................. 3-26
3-17.5 Stress Analysis of Closed Breech Ring................................ 3-30
3-1 7.6 Stress Analysis of Sliding Block..................................... 3-34
3-17.7 Stress An~alysis of an Interrupted-Thread Block ........................ 3-36
3-17.8 Block-Thread Stress Analysis ...................................... 3-40
3-17.9 Reliability Analysis of Breechblock Crank...................... ...... 3-41
SECTION IV. PROTOTYPE TESTING
A*
3-18 General Considerations............................................. 3-45 d,
3-19 M odels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4
3-20 Performance Simulation Tests.............. ......................... 3-46
iv
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
OARCOM-P 706-253
Ail
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
Paragraph page
References ...................................................... 3-47
Bibliography ..................................................... 3-48
CHAPTER 4.
DEVELOPMENT CR~ITERIA AND PROCEDURES
SECTION 1. D)EVELOPMENT EVALUATION PROGRAM
4-1 General Consideratiors.............................................. 4-1H
4-1.1 Tresting .... .................................... I.............. 4-1
4-1.2 External Influences ...... ....................................... 4-1
*4-1.3 Simulation Tresting .............................................. 4-2H
4-1.4 Engineering Trest/ Expanded Service Test (DT-2) ...................... 4-3
4-1.2nta ProtoyedestignD eficiencies...................................... 4-3
4-12 nPtrao toyeDection Testiecis( ).................................... 4-3J
4-2.1 Mechanism Malfunctions ......................................... 4-3 J
4-2.2 D~esign D~eficiencies .......................................... ... 4-3
4-2.3 Maintenance................................................... 4-4
4- DIe velopmental Redesign Phases.................................... 4-4
4-4 Acceptance: Engineering/ Service Tests................................ 4-4
4-4. 1 Proof-Test Procedures .......................... ................. 4-7
4-4.1.1 Ii ~ore-Fire Checks and Preparation............................... 4-7
4-4.1.3 AtrProof-Fn Checks an efrac..........................I .......I......4-7
4-4.1 .2 AtrProof-Frn Thecsts............ce............................... 4-7
4-4.2 Climatic Test Firing ............................................. 4-7
4-4.2.1 Emplacement of Weapon ....................................... 4-7
4-4.2.2 Firing Schedule ......................... ..................... 4-7
4-4.2.3 After-Fire Checks and Preparations (Climatic Testing) ................. 4-7
4-4.3 Acceptance.............. ...................................... 4-8
4-4.3.1 Proof Markings............................................... 4-8
4-4.3.2 Acceptance Criteria ................... ........................ 4-8
*4-4.4 Endurance-Life Tests......................................... 4-8
4-.5 Performance Evaluation ............................................ 4-8
4-5.1 Maintainability ....................... ......................... 4-8
4-5.2 D~urability ..................................................... 4-1 1
SECTION 11. DESIGN FINALIZATION
4-6 Incorporation of Developmental Results ....... ........................ 4-12
4-7 Organizational Documentation, the Technical Data Package................4-12
4-7.1 Product Specification ............................................ 4-12
4-7.2 D~ata List ...................................................... 4-12
4-.3Parts List ........................... .......................... 4-12
4-7.4 D~rawings...................................................... 4-12
v
jo1
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
DARCOM-P 706-323
TABLE. OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
Paragraph Page
4-7.5 Q uality Assurance Data ........................................... 4-13
4-7.6 Standards and Specifications ....................................... 4-13
4-7.7 End Item Final Inspections Requirements (EIFIR) .................... 4-13
4-7 8 Revision System .................................................. 4-13
4-8 Operating and Maintenance Manuals ................. -............... 4-13
4-9 Standardization and Ituterchangeabilizy ................................ 4-14
SECTION IIl. PRODUCTION PLANNING
4-10 M anufacturing Engineering .......................................... 4-17
4-10.2 M ethods . ............................... ...................... 4-17
4-10 .2 M aterials ....................................................... 4-17
4-10.3 Econom ics ....................................................... 4-18
4-11 Military/Industrial Procurement Considerations ...................... 4-22
4-1 1.1 Planning ........................................................ 4-22
4-11.2 Tool and Gage Requirements ...................................... 4-22
R eferences ........................................................ 4-27
G lossary ..........................................................
G -1
In d e x . .. .. ... .. . . ... .. ... .. .. .. ... . ... .. ... . . ... . ... .. ... .. . ... .. . 1-1 "1
II
vi
- .L -
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
DARCOM-P 706-253
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure .\t. Title Page
"I- Large Caliber W eapon Form s ... .................................... 1-5
",-2 Interrupted-Screw Breech Stepped Thread ............................. 1-13
--3 Sliding-Wedge Breech Principles .................................... 1-16
1-4 Vertical Sliding-Wedge Sequence, Showing Breech-Ammunition Interaction 1-18
I- 5 Separable Chamber Breech--Schematic Sequence of Motions (2 pieces) 1-29
1-6 Eccentric-Screw Breech ............................................. 1-23
1-7 Evolution of Interrupted-Screw Threads and Breechblock ................. 1-26
1-8 Electric Firing Mechanism Schematic for a Consumable Case Round ....... 1-30
2-I Types of Complete Rounds of Artillery Ammunition ...................... 2-3
2-2 Artillery Chamber and Ammunition Configurations ...................... 2-7
2-3 Separate-Loading Propelling Charges .............................. ... 2-8
2-4 Fiber Felted Consumable Cartridge Cases ............................. 2-10
2-5 Breech Ring and Tube interface on an Interrupted-.c:'ew Type Breech ...... 2-12
2-6 Case Chamber Stress-Strain Curves ................................. 2-13
2-7 Chamber W ith Pertinent Dimensions .................................. 2-15
r
2-8 Schematic Diagram of Bore Evacuator Operation ........................ - 2-16
2-9 Gunner's Quadrant, MI .......................................... 2-18
2-10 Panoramic Telescope Ml, and Telescope Mount M3 ..................... 2-19
2-11 Panoramic Telescope M 115, and Telescope Mount M 137 ................ 2-20
2-12 Elevation Q uadrant, M 15 ............................................ 2-21
2-13 Concept of the XM39 Electronic Viewing Equipment Installation .......... 2-22
2-14 Parts of the Operating Mechanism and Other Breechblock Mounte-d Groups
in a Horizontal Sliding-W edge Breech ........ ...................... 2-23
2-15 Typical Operating Mechanism for a Horizontal Sliding-Wedge Breech
(Sequence of Motions) .......................................... 2-24
2-16 Operating Lever Parts (Horizontal Sliding-Wedge Breech, 105 mm Howitzer,
N1110) ...................... ......................... ..... ... 2-25
2-17 Kinematic Sequence Leading to Engagement of Operating Cam by the Breech
Operating Crank-Breech Actuating via Recoil Energy .................. 2-27
S2- 18 Typical Operating Mechanism Schematic for Vertical Sliding-Wedge Breech
(Semiautomatic Actuation via Recoil Energy) ......................... 2-29
2-19 Parts of Semiautomatic Breech Operating Mechanism .................... 2-31
2-20 Typical Operating Mechanism for Interrupted-Screw Breech .............. 2-32
2-21 Typical Operating Lever and Crankshaft Group ......................... 2-33
2-22 Counterbalance Mechanism--Interrupted-Screw Breech .................. 2-34
2-23 Parts of the Operating Mechanism and Other Breechblock Mounted Group
in an Interrupted-Screw Breech ..................................... 2-36
2-24 Firing Lock M 13, Operating Sequence .................................. 2-39
2-25 Spring Actuated, Inertia Percussion Firing Mechanism With Vertical Sliding
W ed ge .......................................................... 2-4 1
S2-26 Schematic of a Solenoid Actuated Percussion Firing Mechanism ............ 2-44
2-27 Percussion Hammer Firing Mechanism ............................... 2-45
vii
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com
DARCOM -P 706-253
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd)
b'191re .Vo. Title Paqg
2.28 Firing Block Assembly Mil (155 mm Howitzer, M1A1) ................... 2-47
2.29 Percussion Mechanism M35 (175 mm Gun, M I 13A I) ................... 2-49
2-30 Continuous-',ill Percussion, In-l.ine Hammer Firing Mechanism .......... 2-50
2-31 Cartridge Citse Extractors ......................................... 2-52
2-32 Extracting Mechanism Working Sequence fo, i Vertical Sliding-Wedge
K reec h . .. .. ... . ... .. .. . .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .... . .. ... .. .. . .... .. 2-53
2-33 i eBange Obturating M echanism ..................................... 2-57
2.34 Expansion Type Obturator, Separable Chamber Breech Application ........ 2-59
2.35 Externally Powered Breech Interface Function (Hydraulic Loader/Rammer,
175 mm Self-Propelled Gun, MI 13 AI -M 107 Tracked Vehicle) .......... 2-62
2-36 Externally Powered Semiautomatic Breech (Separable Chamber Type,
S152 mm Gun/Launcher) .......................................... 2-63
2-37 Typical Space Constraints in a Turret Gun (Based on M48 Tank) ......... 2-67
2-38 Elastic Strength Curve Compared to Actual and Permissible Pressures ...... 2.72
2-39 Typical Recoil Travel Velocity-Pressure Versus Time ................... 2-73
2-40 Arm, Hand, and Thumb-Finger Strength (Pounds) (5th Percentile Male) 2-77
2-41 Manual Lifting Capacity: Lifting Forces That Can Be Exerted by 95% of
Personnel, Using Both Hands ....................................... 2-78
2-42 Procedure for Dealing With Misfire Under Possible Cook-Off Conditions ..... 2-8i
2-43 Procedure for Dealing With Misfire of Fixed or Semifixed Ammunition ....... 2.82
2-44 Procedure for Dealing With Misfire of Separate-LoAding Ammunition ....... 2-83
2-45 Threads Used to Attach Breech Ring and Tube ........................ 2-89
2-46 20-deg Pressure Angle Thread Form Dimension Locator Diagram for
T ab le 2-6 ....................................................... 2-9 1
"3-I Breechblock Assem bly .............................. ............... 3-5
3-2 B reechblock ....................................................... 3-6
3-3 Stress--Strain Diagram in M ild Steel .................................. 3-7
3-4 M ortality C urves ................................................... 3-12
3-5 Reliability N om ograph .............................................. 3-14
3-6 Typical Stress-Strength Interaction Diagram .......................... 3-15
3-7 Breech O perating Linkage ........................................... 3-17
3-8 Breech Operating Crank Geometry ............ ........................ 3-18
3-9 Breechblock M otion ....................................... ....... 3-21
3-10 Forces Acting on Crank .............................................. 3-22
3-11 Torque Applied to Breechblock Crank ................................. 3-23
3-12 Recoil Force D iagra n ............................................... 3-25
3-13 Typical Sliding-Block Breech Rings ................................... 3-27
3-14 O pen Breech R ing .................................................. 3-28
3-15 Stress Concentration Factors in Fillets for Tension and Bending ............ 3-31
3-16 Closed Bk eech Ring .............................................. 3-33
3-17 Typical Bceechblock Section ........................................ 3-35 ILI
3-18 Breech Loading Configuratio ...................................... 3-37
viii
6L-&A..W .QI A