Engineering Chemistry

859 Pages·2016·45.852 MB·English

by  K. Sesha Maheswaramma, Mridula Chugh

Engineering Chemistry
K. Sesha Maheswaramma
Department of Chemistry
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur
College of Engineering Pulivendula (JNTUACEP)
Andhra Pradesh
Mridula Chugh
Department of Chemistry
Ganga Institute of Technology and Management
Jhajjar, Haryana
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Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd
Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128,
formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.
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reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 978-93-325-7118-1
eISBN 978-93-325-7879-1
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Dedication
To my in-laws late Smt and Sri Chavva Narayanamma and Eswara Reddy;
my paternal grandparents late Smt and Sri Kalluru Akkayya and Pedda Obula Reddy;
my maternal grandparents late Smt and Sri Rami Reddy Rosamma and Chinna Obula Reddy;
my aunt late Smt Kalluru Nameless
and
my uncle late Sri Kalluru Naga Bhusana Reddy
—K. Sesha Maheswaramma
To my husband Gaurav Chugh for his inspiration.
—Mridula Chugh
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BRIEF CONTENTS
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
About the Authors xxv
1. Water Technology 1.1
2. Polymers 2.1
3. Fuels and Combustion 3.1
4. Alternate Energy Resources 4.1
5. Electrochemistry and Batteries 5.1
6. Science of Corrosion 6.1
7. Chemistry of Engineering Materials 7.1
8. Phase Rule 8.1
9. Photochemistry 9.1
10. Surface Chemistry 10.1
11. Themodynamics 11.1
12. Metals in Biological System 12.1
13. Organometallic Compounds 13.1
14. Coordination Chemistry 14.1
15. Structure and Reactivity of Organic and Inorganic Molecules 15.1
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vi Brief Contents
16. Stereochemistry 16.1
17. Spectroscopy 17.1
18. Thermal Analysis 18.1
19. Chromatography 19.1
20. Solid State and X-Ray Diffraction 20.1
21. Green Chemistry 21.1
Lab Manual Online
Index I.1
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CONTENTS
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
About the Authors xxv
1. Water Technology 1.1
1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.2 Sources of Water 1.1
1.3 Types of Impurities Present in Water 1.2
1.4 Hard Water and Hardness 1.3
1.5 Determination of Hardness 1.8
1.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 1.15
1.7 Determination of Chlorides in Water 1.16
1.8 Determination of Acidity in Water 1.17
1.9 Alkalinity of Water 1.18
1.10 Disadvantages of Hard Water 1.23
1.11 Quality of Water for Domestic Use 1.24
1.12 Treatment of Water for Domestic Use 1.24
1.13 Break-Point Chlorination 1.31
1.14 Boilers and Boiler Troubles 1.32
1.15 Softening of Water 1.38
1.16 Desalination 1.51
1.17 Review Questions 1.54
Fill in the Blanks 1.54
Multiple-choice Questions 1.56
Short Answer Questions 1.61
Descriptive Questions 1.65
Problems for Practice 1.66
2. Polymers 2.1
2.1 Introduction 2.1
2.2 Degree of Polymerisation 2.1
2.3 Classification of Polymers 2.2
2.3.1 Classification Based on Source 2.2
2.3.2 Classification Based on Composition 2.2
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viii Contents
2.3.3 Classification Based on Chemical Composition 2.3
2.3.4 Classification Based on Structure 2.3
2.3.5 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation 2.4
2.3.6 Classification Based on the Molecular Forces 2.4
2.3.7 Classification Based on Tacticity 2.4
2.4 Types of Polymerization 2.5
2.4.1 Condensation Polymerisation or Step Polymerisation 2.5
2.4.2 Addition/Vinyl/Chain Polymerisation 2.9
2.4.3 Coordination Polymerisation 2.15
2.5 Molecular Mass of a Polymer 2.17
2.6 Plastics 2.18
2.7 Important Polymers—Composition, Preparation, Properties
and Engineering Uses 2.19
2.7.1 Thermoplastics 2.19
2.7.2 Thermosetting Plastics 2.22
2.8 Rubber (Elastomers) 2.25
2.8.1 Processing of Natural Rubber 2.25
2.8.2 Gutta–Percha 2.26
2.8.3 Vulcanisation of Rubber 2.27
2.8.4 Compounding of Rubber 2.28
2.8.5 Synthetic Rubbers or Artificial Rubber 2.29
2.8.6 Important Artificial Rubbers 2.29
2.9 Reinforced or Filled Plastics 2.33
2.9.1 Composition 2.34
2.9.2 Nature of Polymers Used 2.34
2.9.3 Application of Filled Plastics (Reinforced Plastics) 2.34
2.10 Biopolymers 2.35
2.10.1 Major Feed Stocks for Biopolymers 2.35
2.10.2 Preparation Methods 2.35
2.10.3 Important Biodegradable Polymers 2.35
2.10.4 Importance of Biopolymers in Sustainable Development 2.36
2.11 Conducting Polymers 2.37
2.11.1 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) or Conjugated π-Electrons
Conducting Polymer 2.37
2.11.2 Conducting Polyaniline 2.39
2.11.3 Extrinsically Conducting Polymers 2.40
2.12 Polyphosphazenes/Phosphonitrilic Polymers 2.40
2.13 Composites 2.42
2.13.1 Constituents of Composites 2.42
2.13.2 Classification of Composites 2.42
2.13.3 Advantages of Composites over Conventional Materials 2.44
2.13.4 Applications of Composites 2.44
2.14 Review Questions 2.44
Fill in the Blanks 2.44
Multiple-choice Questions 2.45
Short Answer Questions 2.49
Descriptive Questions 2.51
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Contents ix
3. Fuels and Combustion 3.1
3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.2 Classification of Fuels 3.1
3.3 Units of Heat 3.2
3.4 Calorific Value 3.2
3.5 Determination of Calorific Value 3.3
3.5.1 Bomb Calorimeter 3.3
3.5.2 Junker’s Calorimeter 3.4
3.6 Characteristics of Good Fuel 3.7
3.7 Solid Fuels 3.8
3.7.1 Coal 3.8
3.7.2 Analysis of Coal 3.8
3.7.3 Metallurgical Coke 3.16
3.7.4 Manufacture of Metallurgical Coke 3.17
3.8 Liquid Fuels 3.18
3.8.1 Petroleum Refining 3.18
3.8.2 Important Petroleum Products and their Uses 3.20
3.9 Synthetic Petrol 3.21
3.9.1 Cracking 3.21
3.9.2 Fischer–Trapsch Method 3.23
3.9.3 Bergius Method 3.23
3.10 Power Alcohol 3.24
3.10.1 Manufacture of Power Alcohol 3.25
3.11 Knocking 3.26
3.12 Diesel Engine, Cetane and Octane Number 3.26
3.13 Gaseous Fuels 3.28
3.13.1 Natural Gas 3.28
3.13.2 Producer Gas (or) Suction Gas 3.29
3.13.3 Water Gas (or) Blue Gas 3.29
3.13.4 Coal Gas 3.30
3.13.5 Biogas 3.30
3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsats Apparatus 3.31
3.15 Review Questions 3.32
Fill in the Blanks 3.32
Multiple-choice Questions 3.33
Short Answer Questions 3.37
Descriptive Questions 3.38
4. Alternate Energy Resources 4.1
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.1.1 Conventional or Traditional Energy Resources 4.1
4.1.2 Nonconventional Energy Resources or Renewable Energy Sources 4.1
4.1.3 Alternative Energy 4.2
4.2 Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Storage Devices 4.2
4.2.1 Solar Energy 4.2
4.2.2 Wind Energy 4.9
4.2.3 Geothermal Energy 4.10
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