Engineering Applications of Nanotechnology: From Energy to Drug Delivery

338 Pages·2017·8.149 MB·English

by  Viswanatha Sharma Korada, Nor Hisham B Hamid (eds.)

Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
Series Editor: Carlos P. Bergmann
Viswanatha Sharma Korada
Nor Hisham B. Hamid E ditors
Engineering
Applications of
Nanotechnology
From Energy to Drug Delivery
Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials
Engineering
Series editor
Carlos P. Bergmann, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11054
Viswanatha Sharma Korada
Nor Hisham B. Hamid
Editors
Engineering Applications
of Nanotechnology
From Energy to Drug Delivery
123
Editors
Viswanatha Sharma Korada NorHisham B.Hamid
MechanicalEngineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Universiti TeknologiPetronas Universiti TeknologiPetronas
Seri Iskandar Seri Iskandar
Malaysia Malaysia
ISSN 2364-3293 ISSN 2364-3307 (electronic)
Topicsin Mining,Metallurgy andMaterials Engineering
ISBN978-3-319-29759-0 ISBN978-3-319-29761-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29761-3
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Contents
Stability of Nanofluids .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Rajashekhar Pendyala and Narahari Marneni
Considerations on the Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids... .... 33
K.V. Sharma, Akilu Suleiman, Hj. Suhaimi B. Hassan
and Gurumurthy Hegde
Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids for Automotive Cooling..... 71
Adnan M. Hussein, K. Kadirgama, K.V. Sharma, D. Ramasamy
and R.A. Bakar
Transparent Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as Antireflection
and Self-cleaning Solar Cell Coating.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 101
Morteza Khalaji Assadi and Hengameh Hanaei
Nanofluids for Enhanced Solar Thermal Energy Conversion ..... .... 115
Vivek Sreenivasan, Y. Raja Sekhar and K.V. Sharma
Thin Film Hydrodynamic Bearing Analysis Using Nanoparticle
Additive Lubricants .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 149
T.V.V.L.N. Rao, A.M.A. Rani, S. Sufian and N.M. Mohamed
Mechanism of Heat Transfer with Nanofluids for the Application
in Oil Wells... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 175
A.H. Bhat, Imran Khan, Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, H. Soleimani
and Mohd Amil Usmani
Novel Nano Copper-Tungsten-Based EDM Electrode .. .... ..... .... 193
Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Altidjani Zakaria Mahamat
and Azri Hamim Ab Adzis
Nitriding of Duplex Stainless Steel for Reduction Corrosion
and Wear. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 225
Nsikan Dan, Patthi Hussain and Saeid Kakooei
v
vi Contents
Thermal Spray Coatings for Hot Corrosion Resistance. .... ..... .... 235
Subhash Kamal, K.V. Sharma, P. Srinivasa Rao and Othman Mamat
Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment... .... ..... .... 269
Biswa Mohan Biswal and Zamzida Yusoff
Current Trends in the Preparation of Nanoparticles
for Drug Delivery .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 313
Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, Zakia Khanam and A.H. Bhat
fl
Stability of Nano uids
Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Rajashekhar Pendyala and Narahari Marneni
Abstract Nanofluids are the dilute suspensions of nanomaterials with distinctive
andenhancedfeatures.Nanofluidscanbeusedinavarietyofindustrialapplications
because of improved thermophysical properties. Stability of nanofluids is the only
quandary factor which decreases the efficiency of such smart fluids in engineering
applications. The information and studies on interaction of nanomaterials with the
liquid have significant importance toward their usage in industrial applications.
Agglomerationamongparticlesisacommonissueduetointeractiveforces,which
effects the dispersion, rheology, and overall performance of nanosuspensions.
Characterization of nanofluids plays an important role to evaluate the stability of
nanofluids. The effect of agglomeration on the stability of nanofluids can be
reduced by introducing different mechanical and chemical techniques to prolong
dispersion of suspended particles in liquids. Complete understanding on the sta-
bility of nanofluids can lead to the preparation of different combinations of stable
nanofluids with enhanced properties for variety of applications.
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Keywords Agglomeration Dispersion Nanofluids Nanoparticles Stability
Nomenclature
a Particle radius
a Particle radius of sphere 1
1
a Particle radius of sphere 2
2
A Hamaker constant
A Darcy’s permeability constant
1
A Modified permeability constant
2
d Average diameter of particle, nm
d Reference average particle diameter, 100 nm
0
S.U.Ilyas(cid:1)R.Pendyala(&)
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversitiTeknologiPETRONAS,
32610SeriIskandar,PerakDarulRidzuan,Malaysia
e-mail:[email protected]
N.Marneni
PetroleumEngineeringDepartment,UniversitiTeknologiPETRONAS,
32610SeriIskandar,PerakDarulRidzuan,Malaysia
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 1
K.ViswanathaSharmaandN.HishamBHamid(eds.),
EngineeringApplicationsofNanotechnology,TopicsinMining,Metallurgy
andMaterialsEngineering,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-29761-3_1
2 S.U.Ilyasetal.
D Diameter of particle
P
g Gravitational constant
h Surface-to-surface separation distance
H Height of sediment due to consolidation
H Height of sediment/bed height
S
H Total height of sample
T
H Initial height of the sediment due to consolidation
o
H1 Equilibrium height of the sediment due to consolidation
K Thickness of electrical double layer
n Empirical constant
pH pH of base fluid
f
pH pH of nanofluids
nf
P Hydraulic excess pressure
L
T Absolute temperature, K
T Reference temperature, 273 K
0
T Consolidation time factor
C
u Relative velocity of liquid to solids
U Average consolidation ratio
C
v Terminal settling velocity
v Potential energy per unit area between two spheres or plates
R
V Energy due to attractive forces
A
V Born interaction potential energy
B
V Electrical double-layer interaction potential energy
R
V Total interaction potential
T
x Distance
z1(cid:3)8 Regression constants
Greek letters
r Collision diameter
c
q Density of particles
P
q Density offluid
f
l Viscosity of liquid
e Porosity
x Volume of solids per unit cross-sectional area
u Volumetric concentration of particles
w Particle surface potential
o
StabilityofNanofluids 3
1 Introduction
Nanoscience and nanotechnology deal with the studies of atoms and molecules at
nanoscale and controlling them for the development of efficient materials. The
superlative explanation of nanotechnology in a single sentence by Pietsch (2005)
statesthat‘Nanotechnologiesdealwiththeborderbetweentherealmofindividual
atoms andmolecules,wherequantummechanicsrule, andthemacroworld, where
bulkpropertiesofmaterialsemergefromthecollectivebehaviorofalargenumber
of atoms and molecules.’ In general, nanomaterials with size less than 100 nm are
consideredtobeintheregionofnanotechnology.However,micron-sizedparticles
are considered to be bulk materials. A comparison of different materials and sub-
stances with respect to size is shown in Fig. 1.
Nanofluid is a subclass of nanotechnology which involves two-phase system,
i.e., solids (nanomaterials) in liquids (base fluid). The nanomaterials are termed as
engineered materials with nanoscale size. Nanomaterials can be in the form of
particles, rods, tubes, sheets, and fibers. Some of the nanomaterials are shown in
Fig. 2. Base fluid is termed as the solvent or liquid in which the nanomaterials are
suspended to form a nanofluid.
The addition of engineered nanoparticles in liquids alters the overall thermo-
physical properties of liquids such as thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity,
density,viscosity,andspecificheatcapacity.Nanomaterialsareusuallydispersedin
dilute concentrations (up to 9 %) in liquids to produce nanofluids. Higher con-
centrationsofnanoparticlesinliquidcanleadtosedimentationduetopoorstability.
The notion of using tiny particles (up to micron level) in liquids to improve liquid
properties was first experimentally studied by Maxwell in 1873 (Maxwell 1873).
TheconceptwasthenfollowedbyAhujainthe1970s(Ahuja1975a,b)andlateron
by Choi and Eastman in the 1990s (Choi et al. 1992; Choi 1995; Eastman et al.
1999, 2001). The former studies include dispersion of 50–100 µm polystyrene
spheres in glycerin to increase effective thermal conductivity for biomedical
applications. The latter studies include experimental investigations on metallic and
Fig.1 Comparisonofdifferentmaterialswithrespecttosize