Table Of Content

Engineering and Operations of System of Systems Engineering and Operations of System of Systems By John P. T. Mo Professor of Manufacturing Engineering RMIT University Australia Ronald C. Beckett Adjunct Professor Swinburne University of Technology Australia CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-63473-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mo, John (Professor of Manufacturing Engineering), author. Title: Engineering and operations of system of systems / John Mo and Ronald Beckett. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018027840| ISBN 9781138634732 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315206684 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Systems engineering—Simulation methods. | System design. Classification: LCC TA168 .M66 2019 | DDC 620/.0042—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018027840 Visit the Taylor & Francis Website at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Website at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................ix Authors ...................................................................................................................xv Part 1 Systems Thinking 1. Foundation of Systems Thinking ...............................................................3 1.1 The Role of Engineering in Systems ...................................................3 1.2 System Challenges ................................................................................8 1.3 Case Study ............................................................................................10 1.4 Systems Engineering Lifecycle Model .............................................11 1.5 Reflections ............................................................................................13 1.6 Additional Reading.............................................................................13 2. Defining System Architecture ...................................................................15 2.1 Why Do We Need Architecture Modeling? ....................................15 2.2 Enterprise Reference Architecture ...................................................18 2.3 International Standards .....................................................................31 2.4 Case Study ............................................................................................35 2.5 Reflections ............................................................................................38 2.6 Reference ..............................................................................................38 2.7 Additional Reading.............................................................................38 3. System of Systems Framework and Environment .................................39 3.1 Characterizing a System of Systems Framework and Environment ........................................................................................39 3.2 Stakeholders, Architecture Description, and Rationale ................43 3.3 Mission and Functionality .................................................................47 3.4 Drivers and Multiple Viewpoints .....................................................48 3.5 Operating Environment Considerations .........................................51 3.6 Case Study ............................................................................................52 3.7 Reflections ............................................................................................54 3.8 References ............................................................................................55 3.9 Additional Reading.............................................................................56 4. Modeling of Socio-Technical Systems .....................................................57 4.1 Requirements of a Socio-Technical Model ......................................57 4.2 Case Study 1 .........................................................................................59 4.3 System Capability Assessment .........................................................63 4.4 Case Study 2 .........................................................................................64 v vi Contents 4.5 Reflections ............................................................................................72 4.6 References ............................................................................................72 Part 2 Network-Centric Operations and Matters of Context 5. Infrastructure Network Applications ......................................................75 5.1 The Influence of Infrastructure .........................................................75 5.2 Infrastructure Development and Operation ...................................77 5.3 Infrastructure Support Systems ........................................................80 5.4 The Pursuit of Absolute Reliability ..................................................81 5.5 The Use of Modeling and Simulation Tools ....................................85 5.6 Case Study ............................................................................................86 5.7 Reflections ............................................................................................87 5.8 References ............................................................................................87 5.9 Additional Reading.............................................................................88 6. Network-Centric Operations ......................................................................89 6.1 A Diversity of Network-Centric Operations ...................................89 6.2 A Focus on Decision Systems ............................................................93 6.3 The Pursuit of Adaptable Connectivity ...........................................97 6.4 Sustaining Multiple Modes of Operation ......................................100 6.5 Case Study ..........................................................................................102 6.6 Reflections ..........................................................................................104 6.7 References ..........................................................................................104 6.8 Additional Reading...........................................................................106 7. Social Networks and Creative Collaboration .......................................107 7.1 Social Networks and Social Capital ...............................................107 7.2 Why Collaborate? ..............................................................................108 7.3 The Contingent Nature of Collaboration .......................................109 7.4 Can Collaboration Be Designed? ....................................................110 7.5 Generic Stakeholders and the Identification of Concerns ...........112 7.6 Viewpoints and Models ...................................................................116 7.7 Case Study ..........................................................................................118 7.8 Reflections ..........................................................................................123 7.9 References ..........................................................................................123 7.10 Additional Reading...........................................................................124 8. IT Infrastructure and the Internet of Things .......................................125 8.1 Internet of Things .............................................................................125 8.2 Business Systems over the Internet ................................................126 8.3 Challenging Issues in Developing Internet-Based IT infrastructure ................................................................................133 Contents vii 8.4 Economic Issues ................................................................................136 8.5 Reflections ..........................................................................................137 8.6 References ..........................................................................................138 9. Governance ..................................................................................................141 9.1 What is Governance? ........................................................................141 9.2 Governance for Enterprises .............................................................143 9.3 Occupational Health and Safety Requirements ...........................144 9.4 Systems and Subsystems Design Authorities ...............................147 9.5 System Safety .....................................................................................147 9.6 Reflections ..........................................................................................149 9.7 Additional Reading...........................................................................149 Part 3 Organizing in Business Networks 10. Virtual Enterprise Collaboration Concepts ..........................................153 10.1 What Is a Virtual Enterprise? ..........................................................153 10.2 Policies for a Virtual Enterprise ......................................................154 10.3 A Ship Service Virtual Enterprise ..................................................158 10.4 What Are Interacting Networks? ....................................................163 10.5 Case Study ..........................................................................................170 10.6 Global Operation Support Services ................................................172 10.7 Reflections ..........................................................................................174 10.8 References ..........................................................................................174 10.9 Additional Reading...........................................................................174 11. Markets and Service Ecosystems ............................................................175 11.1 Some Matters of Context ..................................................................175 11.2 A Stakeholder Perspective ...............................................................176 11.3 Viewpoints and Models ...................................................................178 11.4 Case Study ..........................................................................................185 11.5 Reflections ..........................................................................................190 11.6 References ..........................................................................................190 11.7 Additional Reading...........................................................................191 12. Business Models Making Operational Sense ..............................................................................................................193 12.1 Perceptions of Value .........................................................................193 12.2 Design Thinking and Business Models .........................................194 12.3 Business Model Ontologies .............................................................196 12.4 Business Models as Activity Systems ............................................199 12.5 Business Model Innovation .............................................................207 12.6 Case Study ..........................................................................................209 12.7 Reflections ..........................................................................................210 vviiiiii Contents 12.8 References ..........................................................................................211 12.9 Additional Reading...........................................................................212 13. Innovation in Ecosystems .........................................................................213 13.1 The Centrality of Ideas and Champions ........................................213 13.2 Regional Innovation Systems ..........................................................217 13.3 Innovation as an Evolutionary Process ..........................................219 13.4 Matters of Time and Place ...............................................................221 13.5 Case Study ..........................................................................................222 13.6 Reflections ..........................................................................................224 13.7 References ..........................................................................................225 13.8 Additional Reading...........................................................................226 Part 4 System Operation and Configuration Management 14. Capability and Performance Assessment ..............................................229 14.1 Why Assess Capability and Performance? ....................................229 14.2 The Nature of Performance-Based Contracting ...........................230 14.3 Performance-Based Contracting Case Studies .............................231 14.4 Recommendations.............................................................................235 14.5 Performance Modeling .....................................................................238 14.6 A Worked Example ...........................................................................241 14.7 Reflections ..........................................................................................245 14.8 References ..........................................................................................245 14.9 Additional Reading...........................................................................245 15. Managing System Models ........................................................................247 15.1 Fundamental Concept of System Modeling ..................................247 15.2 Functional Analysis ..........................................................................248 15.3 Functional Flow Block Diagrams ...................................................249 15.4 Data Flow Diagrams .........................................................................251 15.5 Petri Net ..............................................................................................252 15.6 Unified Modeling Language ...........................................................254 15.7 Reflections ..........................................................................................257 15.8 Additional Reading...........................................................................257 Index .....................................................................................................................259 Preface Modern engineering systems such as an aircraft or a frigate are complex and multifaceted. They must be flexible and adaptable to suit the environment of individual mission requirements, and fully integrated with the supply chain and other stakeholders to deliver an ongoing satisfactory level of performance. In essence, these systems are working within a larger socio- technical system that is governed by a different set of rules and operates with a different type of structure. Engineers trying to apply the theory of systems engineering to “design” a system of systems can find the dynamic nature of connectivity and unexpected interactions perplexing. We draw parallels with natural ecosystems, where changing the balance can have unexpected effects. The study of system of systems incorporates concepts and practices in many dimensions. Firstly, the traditional systems engineering lifecycle management theory is an essential constituent in the design, development, and control of human created systems. Secondly, the processes and procedures are managed as soft systems that can be changed, modified, and refined. Thirdly, operation of the system of systems depends on the understand- ing of people and roles in the system. Last but not least, these systems are constrained by the environment in which they are operating. The environment includes regulatory and institutional requirements. Many of these constraints are not visible until end of the system’s lifecycle. This book addresses the skill set of professional engineers and operations managers required to design, develop, implement, and operate a complex socio-technical system encapsulating many engineering systems. This book provides a core knowledge base that draws upon principles derived from a wide range of business and engineering disciplines including systems engineering, services engineering, operations support, integrated logistics, industrial engineering, and the outcomes of the latest network and holistic system research. The book is intended to be both a special text for relevant courses at university level as well as a general knowledge textbook for professional engineers, systems managers, and operations managers to enhance their knowledge of complex engineering systems and their integration into a system of systems. The book is also written with the aim that research students studying in systems engineering, support and services engineering, logistics, and pro- curement will find it useful as an introductory text to start their research aspirations. This book has two major knowledge themes on system of systems. The engineering of system of systems concerns the knowledge required to design, plan, and analyze a system of systems prior to and during its development. Operations of system of systems concerns the knowledge required ix