Engendering Cities: Designing Sustainable Urban Spaces for All

335 Pages·2020·7.534 MB·English

by  Inés Sánchez de Madariaga and Michael Neuman

ENGENDERING CITIES

Engendering Cities examines the contemporary research, policy, and practice of
designing for gender in urban spaces. Gender matters in city design, yet despite
legislative mandates across the globe to provide equal access to services for men
and women alike, these issues are still often overlooked or inadequately
addressed. This book looks at critical aspects of contemporary cities regarding
gender, including topics such as transport, housing, public health, education,
caring, and infrastructure, as well as issues which are rarely addressed in plan­
ning, design, and policy, such as the importance of toilets for education and
clothes washing machines for freeing-up time. In the first section, a number of
chapters in the book assess past, current, and projected conditions in cities vis-à­
vis gender issues and needs. In the second section, the book assesses existing
policy, planning, and design efforts to improve women’s and men’s concerns in
urban living. Finally, the book proposes changes to existing policies and practices
in urban planning and design, including its thinking (theory) and norms (ethics).
The book applies the current scholarship on theory and practice related to
gender in a planning context, elaborating upon some critical community-
focused reflections on gender and design. It will be key reading for scholars and
students of planning, architecture, design, gender studies, sociology, anthropol­
ogy, geography, and political science. It will also be of interest to practitioners
and policy makers, providing discussion of emerging topics in the field.
Inés Sánchez de Madariaga is UNESCO Chair on Gender Equality Policies
in Science, Technology and Innovation, and Professor of Urban Planning at
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. She is a leading international expert on
gender in city planning, architecture, and STEM with extensive experience in
both public policy and research. She is a member of the Leadership Advisory
Council of the Spanish UN-Sustainable Solutions Development Network and
an Advisor to the Executive Director of UN-Habitat.
Michael Neuman is Professor of Sustainable Urbanism at the University of West­
minster. He is the author of numerous articles, reports, and plans translated into ten
languages. His research and practice span urbanism, planning, design, engineering,
sustainability, infrastructure, and governance. He has advised the mayors of Barce­
lona, San Francisco, Oakland, and Wroclaw; the Regional Plan Association of
New York; the Barcelona Metropolitan Plan; and governments and private clients
around the world.
“Engendering Cities is a brilliant and comprehensive account of how to make cities
for all by ensuring that women are included in every aspect of their planning and
development. It will be an enduring reference for all engaged in this work.”
Eugenie L. Birch FAICP, Professor of Urban Research,
University of Pennsylvania, USA
“In the era of #MeToo, public attention is now firmly focused on the important
issue of gender difference and gender justice. This serious and well-researched
collection makes a substantial addition to an expanding literature on gender and
urban planning. The section on transport and movement is particularly welcome.
The collection demonstrates how an understanding of gender should be core to the
theory and practice of planning.”
Marion Roberts FHEA, Professor of Urban Design, University of Westminster, UK
ENGENDERING CITIES

Designing Sustainable Urban
Spaces for All
Edited by Inés Sánchez de Madariaga and
Michael Neuman
First published 2020
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 Taylor & Francis
The right of Inés Sánchez de Madariaga and Michael Neuman to be
identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for
their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections
77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés, editor. | Neuman, Michael, editor.

Title: Engendering cities : designing sustainable urban spaces for all /

edited by Inés Sánchez de Madariaga and Michael Neuman.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019055669 | ISBN 9780815391739 (hbk) |

ISBN 9780815391746 (pbk) | ISBN 9781351200912 (ebk)

Subjects: LCSH: City planning–Social aspects–Case studies. |

Sustainable urban development–Case studies. | Sustainable living–Case

studies. | Sex discrimination against women–Case studies. | Women in

development–Case studies. | Community life–Case studies.

Classification: LCC HT166 .E534 2020 | DDC 307.1/216–dc23 LC

record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055669

ISBN: 978-0-815-39173-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-815-39174-6 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-351-20091-2 (ebk)

Typeset in Bembo

by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK
CONTENTS

List of Figures and Tables viii
List of Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvi
1 Planning the Gendered City 1
Inés Sánchez de Madariaga and Michael Neuman
PART I
Engendering Urban Transportation 17
2 A Gendered View of Mobility and Transport: Next Steps and
Future Directions 19
Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris
3 Gendered Mobility Patterns of Carers in Austria 38
Bente Knoll and Teresa Schwaninger
4 Violence against Women in Moving Transportation in Indian
Cities: Reconceptualising Gendered Transport Policy 58
Yamini Narayanan
5 Planning Mobility in Portugal with a Gender Perspective 71
Margarida Queirós and Nuno Marques da Costa
vi Contents
6 Implementation of Gender and Diversity Perspectives in Trans­
port Development Plans in Germany 90
Elena von den Driesch, Linda Steuer-Dankert, Tobias Berg,
and Carmen Leicht-Scholten
7 Why Low-Income Women in the US Still Need Automobiles 110
Evelyn Blumenberg
PART II
Engendering Planning for Urban Justice 131
8 Public Toilets: The Missing Component in Designing Sustain­
able Urban Spaces for Women 133
Clara Greed
9 Are Safe Cities Just Cities? A Perspective from France 154
Claire Hancock and Lucile Biarrotte
10 Everyday Life Experiences of Afghan Immigrant Women as
Representation of their Place of Belonging in Auckland 169
Roja Tafaroji
11 Gender Mainstreaming in the Regional Discourse over the
Future of the Ruhr Metropolitan Area: Implementation of
Gender Mainstreaming in Planning Processes 191
Jeanette Sebrantke, Mechtild Stiewe, Sibylle Kelp-Siekmann, and
Gudrun Kemmler-Lehr
12 An Analysis of EU Urban Policy from the Perspective of Gender 214
Sonia De Gregorio Hurtado
13 Gender Mainstreaming Urban Planning and Design Processes in
Greece 229
Charis Christodoulou
PART III
Tools for Engendering Planning 243
14 Gendering the Design of Cities in Aotearoa New Zealand: Are
We There Yet? 245
Dory Reeves, Julie Fairey, Jade Kake, Emma McInnes, and
Eva Zombori
Contents vii
15 Gender Impact Assessments, a Tool for the Implementation of
the New Urban Agenda: The Case of Madrid Nuevo Norte 267
Inés Novella Abril
16 Gender and the Urban in the Twenty-First Century: Paving the
Way to ‘Another’ Gender Mainstreaming 281
Camilla Perrone
17 Epilogue: Unifying Difference and Equality Concepts to Buttress
Policy 301
Inés Sánchez de Madariaga
Index 308
FIGURES AND TABLES

Figures
3.1 Detail from the written questionnaire 45

3.2 Visualisation of everyday trips 47

3.3 The complexity of trip chains and their influencing factors 52

5.1 Portugal (mainland) – Commuting trip destination by sex 78

5.2 Portugal (mainland) – Transport mode used for commuting by sex 78

5.3 NUTS 3 Alto Trás-os-montes – Commuting trip destination by sex 79

5.4 NUTS 3 Alto Trás-os-montes – Transport mode used for

commuting by sex 80

5.5 NUTS 3 Vale do Ave – Commuting trip destination by sex 81

5.6 NUTS 3 Vale do Ave – Transport mode used for commuting

by sex 81

5.7 NUTS 2 Algarve – Commuting trip destination by sex 82

5.8 NUTS 2 Algarve – Transport mode used for commuting by sex 83

5.9 NUTS 3 Greater Lisbon – Commuting trip destination by sex 84

5.10 NUTS 3 Greater Lisbon – Transport mode used on commuting

by sex 85

6.1 Influence of gender on mobility 92

6.2 24 Cities with available TDPs 95

6.3 Percentage of TDPs including the set of categories 97

6.4 Absolute frequencies of categories 98

7.1 Number of vehicles and vehicles per capita 111

7.2 Licensed drivers by sex 113

7.3 Drivers by sex and age group 113

7.4 Automobile ownership by household income 115

7.5 Central city-suburb residential location of metropolitan poor,

United States 116
Figures and Tables ix
7.6 Travel to work outside of the morning peak period 119
7.7 Automobile ownership by household type 121
7.8 Commute by car 121
10.1 Population of Afghan women in comparison to Afghan men in
Auckland and New Zealand, according to the 2013 Census 171
10.2 Number of Afghan refugees and asylum seekers by the year of
arrival in New Zealand 173
11.1 The Ruhr Metropolitan Area and other metropolises in Europe 196
11.2 Cities and districts of the Ruhr Metropolitan Area 197
11.3 Timeline – FNW activities 201
11.4 Process, content, and participation 203
11.5 Regional discourse components 204
11.6 Action program and regional plan 207
15.1 Madrid Nuevo Norte master plan 270
Tables
2.1 Barriers affecting women’s travel 22
2.2 Gender differences in travel patterns 26
10.1 Refugee quota Branch Arrival Statistics for 2014–2015 in
New Zealand Auckland 172