Engelsk-norsk ordbok: stor utgave (English-Norwegian Dictionary: large edition)

1337 Pages·1996·246.24 MB·English

by  W.A Kirkeby

WA KIRKEBY
STOR UTGAVE
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KUNNSKAPSFORLAGET
ASCHEHQUG - GYLDENDAL
N8r.-Cf;'Por8fBLlOTEKET
! POSTBClK$ 278 · 8601 MO
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AI samm(' rOrfMlIer:
By the saml' author:
Norsk-engelsk bIll ordbok. Kunnsk:lpsforlagel. 5. uig. 1988
Engelsk.norsk bId ordbok. Kunnskapsforlagel. I. ulg. 1996
Engelsk ordbok Norsk-engelsk engelsk-norsk. Kunnskapsforl:lgel. 2. ulg. 1996
Norsk-engelsk ordbok. Slor ulgal'e. Kunnskapsforlagel. 2. Ulg. 1986
Business in English. G) Idcndal Norsk Forlag 1976
Bil- og Ir..Ifikktcknisk ordbok. norsk-engelsk engclsk-norsk. KunnsbpsforlagCI 1979
Norsk-engclsk supplementsordbok. Uni\"crsilctsrorlagel 1983
Engebk-norsk ordbok. Unh'Crsilclsforlag\!1 1988
Norsk-engclsk ordbok for handel o£ n:eringsli". Grondahl Dreyer ]992
Engclsk-norsk ordbok for handel OS n:t!ringsli". Grondahl Dreyer 1993
I.: unnlhpd"mLo,.,
H A"'heooull&;:("O C.. .. ')p~.d.A!.OII
A S G}ldomb! i'oo"k h).I~!. 1996
'O""'''}
Pnn'ro ,n
l"o.bok A S. Oslo GJ'" ,I. 1996
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Ali.!oo:la
s.~. H~kkn
ISS),:
8~.S7J..()n7..()
Dol m1 ,.le .or'c. ... ., (.a dcnroo bnk ," nd rrood ~nd.'c.U"'""n
cller., taicr om kOf!\<'nng mttl I.:OI'Il':OR. ,nlc.e.,.,·
mn~~ll
organ ror 'c,,,ghol~~'crc "I.'lnds""~ I.:op",nn~' m,d mttllov
cUcr., laic hn mttlr"n: o"laln,n,s.n,,,,,. 011 ,nOOr"l!mng. og I
kan " .. If", mcd bnlorelle. renll~1
'"
FORORD
Denne ordbcken dan ncr en nalurlig fOrlsclIclsc av den melioms\orc engelsk-norskc
ardbak!:n sam u\kem i 1988. Det opprinncligc manuskriplel cr glOTt til gjenSland for
en gjcnnomgripende revisjon og fortlopende opp<la\cring. Mine egne norsk-engelske
ardbakcr og del materiak sam liggeT \il gTunn for demo haT naturligvis vrert en god
hjelp. Srerlig viljeg i denne forbindelse nevne min norsk-cngclskc supplcmcn\sordbok
(Univcrsitc\sforlllgC\ 1983). sam inncholdcr mye SlOfTsom hilli! ikkc haT kunnel inn
Icmmcs i mine andre ordboker.
Lrercrnc seTo ne hvordan clc\"cnc misforSlar informasjoncnc i ordbokcne. og de kiln
selv kamme gal! av Sled om de kammer i skade for A giemme sin egc! rad om aUlid 11
a
kontrollcrc el umykks gangbarhct \'cd 51! opp i cn ordbok fra morsm;!'lcl IiI frem
medspdkel. I sa:r1ig grad rnA dCllC gjdde for cngclsJ.: pga. delle sprflkcIS neksibililel
og rikdom pA ord og vendinger.
Den innfOOlc bruker har hcr et redskap som han cHcr hun kan forela seg de under
ligste krurnspring med. Hvis for eksempclJohn_ som er SIO[( av sine J.:jorcferdighCler,
prcslcrer;\. kjore ned en porlSlOlpe. kan det megel gool lenkes at han blir minnel om
delle uhellel p;!. en godmooig og spokefull m;\.le nAr Mary har v;en utsall for el lignen
de uhc!!. Oct kan da sics al hun har 'done a John' med bilen sin. - I en engelsk film
skulle en person snak ke inn sine erindringer pA Mnd. BAndopplageren vaT vanskdig Ii
betjenc og var Iydcligvis ikke noc vanlig syn for de tilslcdevrercnde. P;\ sporsmlil fra en
nyankommen om hva slags tingesl dette var. ble del svart: the machine that
~That"s
Bi1["s doing his remembering inlO." Bcmcrkningcn viser hva I'edkommende mener om
denne nymotens mAle Ii nedlegnc sine erindringer p;\..
Kritiske viderekomne engelskstuderende. moo kunnskapcr s:\ omfattende at de nes
ten utelukkende benytter ettsprflklige engdske ordboker. viI forhlipcnlligvis finnc at
denne ordboken gir dem noc vesentlig mer enn hva hittil ulgitte bilingvale ordboker
kan tilby. Dcnne kategori brukcre viI. i tillegg IiI de vanlige informasjoner om bctyd
ning og uttalc. kreve rettledning med hensyn ti! gangbarhcten av ord og uttrykk. slik
at behovel for konnoll vcd hjelp av en norsk-enge1sk ordbok blir mindre p;!.trengende.
Oct viljo orte .. rere slik at det ord eller uttr),kk man sl;l.r opp. ikke kan sics A va:re del
hyppigst forekommende. I s1ike lilfeHcr gjores del derfor oppmcrksom pi!. at andre ord
eller utlrykk kan .. rere like an\"cndcl ige el1er Iii og med Af oret rek ke. Del foreslallc
va~re
allernativ er kursivcn og har likhelstcgn Foran seg. DCI cr imidlcrtid viklig;!. merke
scg at likhetSlegnet mangler. dreier det scg om en forklaring eller dcfinisjon (som
n~r
ablation 2 eller institutionalize 2). Etter en parentes som angir ny betydningsvalor. vii
man fra tid IiI annen finne el kolon ellerfulgl av ell eller nere engelske ekscmplcr med
tilhorende norske ekvivalenter. Dette viser at konnotasjonen bare har gyldighet i el
f;!.tall faste forbindelser. slik det viI av ckscmplene.
frcmg~
Brukcre som cr fonrolige med eltspraJ.:ligc engclske ordboker. har kanskjc blill sllill
av hvor lilc man bcnyller elikettcr for Aa ngi om el ord cr eHer Hlitte_
~gammcldags~
f<ert ". Den innfoote bruker syncs kanskje ikke slike ctiketter er viktige. mcn del er dc
for den Ulcnlandske student. I folge anerkjenle engelskc ordboker skulle det sAledes
vrerc hell i orden a "draw on one'S do\hes" (trckke seg kla:rne), ofT onc's
p~ ~draw
socks· (trekke av seg sokkene) eller A omlale el hjcmmemenneske sam en Hfrowster".
Dissc uttrykkene cr imidlertid cksempler p;!. arkaisk sprAkbruk. Dcnne uvillighClen hos
engelske ordbokforfattere IiI Ii merke el ord som "gammeldags" eller "litter<ert" gjen
speiles i de bi!ingvalc '-erker fra cngclsk til fremmcdc spr;!'k. hva emen de utgis i Stor
britannia dler i utlandcl. Og del er nettopp i slike ordboker at denne mangelen kan
fore Iii valg av feil ord eller uttrykk. Et karakleriSlisk trekk n:{] denne ordboken er den
u tst rak te bruk av etiket ler. ogsa der hvor valgel er vanske1ig og hvor bek vemmc1ighcts-
hensyn kunne tilsi at den ble sloyfet. Imidlertid har brukeren. emr min mening. et be
rettiget krav p;\ slike opplysninger. og delle hensynet har veid tyngst. Arkaismer er
stort sett sloyfet. men der hvor slike forekommer. er de tydelig merkel.
Et annet trekk ved denne ordboken er at amerikanismer i stor utstrekning er taU
med. Amerikansk uttale. som normalt ikke oppgis i denne hoken. er vist for noen ords
vedkomrnendc, is<er n:ir de avvi ker sterkl f ra vanlig brilisk uttale (f.cks. hostile. iIlustrati
inculea te. incursion. nomenclature). Men ogs:i alternative engelske uttaler cr oppgiu
\"I',
r.
deT hvor disse er hoyfrckl'cnte (se cks. despicable og formidable).
N:ir det gjelder Iy dskriften. ha r jeg g:1 u lenger en n noen annen bili ngval ordbok. idct
del ogsa opplyses om adjckti\'cnc skiftcr. cllcr karl tenkes:i ,kiftc. trykk nlT de stdr
attributivt. (Se f. eks. unfair. underdone. una,·ailinJ:).
Bare ct utvalg av de vanligst forckommende forkortelser er tatt med i sell'e ord
boken. En fyldigere lisle linnes som egel tillegg bak.
Her. som imine "vrige ordboker. har jeg begrcnset meg Iii hokmU Norskstudcntcr
bor derfor ogsd ha adsang til Einar Haugens Norsk-Engelsk Ordbok. hvor begge m:1l
former behandles parallellt. o£ hvor den grammaliskc beskril'elsc er uuommende.
Ndr del gjdder salsbildct. sa cr alt gjOrt for at dette skal v:crc sA gTeil og o\'ersikllig
al man lett linner ord eller uttrykk man leter ctter. Konrlot3sjonene cr nummcrerte.
Mange Ars arbeid med en Storrc norsk-engelsk ordbok. mcrenn 20 Ars undervisning,
samt god daglig konlakt med lrererkolleger har gill erfaring som er nedfclt i denne ord
hoken. I tillegg til aile dem som opp gjennom :l.renc har hjulpcl meg i arbcidcl min. cr
nyc kommct til. Del er ugjorlig her Al akke hver isrer, menjcg mii likeI'd spesielt nel'nc
Ray Roberts, M.A .. Devizes. Wilts .. som har v:crt en god hjelp p;\ en rekke om rAder,
kanskje sa:rlig n5r det gjelder 5 overselle sprdklige nOller Iii god. dagsakluell cngclsk.
men ogsii ndr det gjcldcr problemlosning gcncrelt. Flere realistcr blant kollegene I'cd
Lilleslrom videreg:1ende skole vii sikkert huskc mine mange sporsmll om faguttrykk.
En hjertelig kollekliv lakk Iii dem ogsa!
Men den aller storste takk skylder jeg Joan M. Tindalc, M.A. (Oxon.), forslelektor
i engelsk vcd Universitetct i Oslo. som har vrert en uvurdcrlig konsu1cnl. opprinrlclig
for min norsk-engelske ordbok og dernest for del vidcrc arbeid som har rcsultcrt i den
ne hoken.
1991 Willy A. Kirkeby
FORORD TIL ANNEN UTGAV£
Hell siden Ulgi\'clsen i 1991 haT ordbokcn vreT! gjcnstand for kontinuerlig oppdalering
og revisjon. Arkaiskc og arkaiserende ord og uttrykk i begge sprlk cr sloyfct med hard
hdnd. Der hvor slike fortsatt forckommer. er de Iydelig merkel. Dessulen er del kom
met mye nyU sloff IiI.
Jeg vii rem en srerlig takk til en ckscpsjonelt dyktig fagmann. Bjorn Jensen i Alfabe
ta as, Halden. Hans rld og hjelp med datatekniske prob1cmer hilr bctydd myc for
s\'~rt
fremdriften og et tilfredsSlillende resultat.
1996 Willy A. Kirkeby
l
"
PREFACE
This dktionary is a natural continuation of the shorter dictionM)
English-Norwcg;~n
which came in 1988. The original manuscript has been completely revised and con
QU(
tinually updated. 1\1) own Norwegian-English diction:trics and the milleria) on which
they <Ire based ha\c nalurally been a greal help 10 me. In this connection I should like
\0 mention my Norwegian-English Supplementary Dictionary (the Scandinavian Un;·
Press. 1983). which contains a great deal ofmatcrial il has not so far been
\e~ity po~·
sible \0 include in my other dictionaries.
Teachers frequently sec how pupils misunderstand the information given in diction
aries. and they can themselves come 10 grief if they ignore their own advice always \0
check the currency of an expression by referring to a dictionllr) from the mothcr
tongue into the foreign language. This advice must be particularly valid in the case of
English on account of its nexibility and richness in word and phrase.
The native speaker has a ready \001 here with which to accomplish the most remark
able linguistic feats. [f John. for cxample. who is proud of his driving skill, managcs to
knock a gatepost o\'cr, he may well be reminded of this mishllP in a light-hearted
~nd
good-humoured way when Mary has had a similar accident. She rna) then be said to
havc 'done a John' with her car. A character in an English film was about to record
his reminiscences on tape. The tape recorder was dimcuh to operate and was clearly
not a familiar sight to the people present. To the ofa newcomer as to what
que~tion
SOrl of gadget it \\ as. someone replied. "That's the machinc that BiWsdoing his remem
bermg into.8 The remark shows what the individual concerned thinks about this
new-fanglcd way of recording one's reminiscenccs.
The critical and advanced students of English whose command of the language is so
comprehensi\e that they usc all-Eng[ish dictionaries almost exclusively will fmd. hope
f that t his dictionary olTcrs thcm su bstan tiall y more thlln do t he bilingual diction
ul1~.
arics hitheTio published. In addition to the usual informluion concerning InClming and
pronunciation. this group of uscrs will rcquire guidance as to the currency of words
and expressions. so Ihal the need for verification with thc aid of a Norwcgi;m-Eng[ish
dictionary is rendered less pressing. Indeed it will often be the case that Ihe word or
expression one is looking up cannot be said to be the one most frequently used. In such
cases. attcntion is dra\\ n in this dictionary to the fact that other words and expressions
may bc just as applicablc or even preferable. The suggestcd alternative is italicized and
prc<:eded b} the equal ion sign. [t is important to notice. howc\cr. thatlhc abscnce of
the eq ua lion sign indicates lin expla na tion or definition (for example blalion 2 or i n5li
3
tUliona1ize 2). After brackets enclosing a new shade of Ineaning there will sometimes
be a colon. followed by one or more cxampks in English with associated Norwegian
equivalents. This indicates that such connotations have validity in only a limited
number of set e.'pressions. as n by the
~ho\, e~amp[es.
Readcn; who are familiar Wilh all-English dictionarics may ha\c been struck b) the
sparing U$oC of labels 10 sho\\ \\hethcr a ghen word or phrase is 'archaic' or ·literary·.
Such [abets may not bc felt to be impOrlant to the nalive-speaking user but are
csscntialto the foreign studcnt. Thus. according to rc<:ogni;(cd English dlclionancs. It
is supposedly in good order to 'draw on one's clothes'. 'draw 01T one'S socks' or to sa}
of a homebird that hc is a ·frowster". Thcse tl"Tms arc. however. examples of archaic
usage. This hesitanc} on the part of those who compile English diClionllries to mark a
word as .a rchaic' or 'li lera ry' is renecled in the bili ngua I works from Eng!ish IIlIO other
languages. whether they are published in the UK or abroad. And it is precisdy in such
dictionaries that this shortcoming can lead to the choice of a wrong word or exprcssion.
A characteristic fea IU re of this dict iona ry is the extensive use of 13 bels. even where the
"
choice is difficult and where considerations of convenience might indicate thallhcy be
omitted. However. in my opinion Ihe reildcr is justified in demanding such information.
and this has been an O\'crriding consideration. An;:haisms have largely been omitted.
bUI where they occur they arc clearly marked as such.
Another feature of this dictionary is that Americanisms arc included to a greal ex
len\. American pronunciation. not normally represented in this hook. is shown in the
case of a few words. notably in cases where il differs grc<llly from lhe usual British pro
nunciation (e.g. hoslile. iliuslralin.'. inculcalc. incursion. nomenclature). But variants in
British pronunciation arc also shown when these oe<;ur frequently (sec despicable and
formidable. for example).
As rcgards phonetic notation. I havc gonc further than any other bilingual di<:tion
ary. in that information is giv<:n as actual or possible shifts in Stress "'hen auributivc.
\0
(Sec eg. unrair. underdone. unuailing.)
The dictionary itsclf contains only a selection of the most frequently O<:turring ab
breviations. A fuller list will be found in an appendix at the end ofthc book.
As in my other dictionaries. [ have confined myself 10 (Standard Norwe
bokm~l
gian). For this re:lson students of Norwegian should also ha\'e access to Einar Hau
gen's Norwegian-English Dittionary. whith treats both forms of Norwegian and gil'es
exhaustil"e grammatical information.
As regards print. the maximum effort has been made to ensure case in finding the
word or phrasc in question. Connotations arc numbered.
Many years' work on a major Norwegian.English dictionary. more than 20 years
of teaching, together with a good daily contact with teacher colleagues have provided
the experience which has gone into Ihis In recent years. m;.!ny newcomers
dietion~ry.
hal"e joined all those good people who. in the pas\. hal'e helped me in my work. Jt is
impracticable to thank each onc individually herc. Howcver. [ must mention Ray
Roberts. M.A .. of Dcvizcs. Wilts .. who has been a great help in a number of sectors.
cspecially perhaps in rendcring linguistic posers into good. current English. but also
where the resolving of problems in general was inl'olved. SCl"eral scientists among my
tollcagues at Lilh:strom Sixth Form College will certainly remember m} numerous
questions about technical tcrms. Sincere thanks to all of them too'
But abol'e all 1 am indebted to Joan M. Tindall'. M.A. (Oxon.), senior lecturer in
English at the Unil'ersity of 0510. Shc has been an indispensable consultant. Originally
to my Norwegian-English dictionary and more recently to the further work which has
resulted in this book.
1991 Willy A. Kirkeby
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
Ever since its public,lIion in 1991. the dictionary has hccn brought up to date
~nd
revised continually. Words and expression> Ihat arc already or becoming so in
arch~ic
either language have been ruthlessl) omillCd. In cascs where they still occur. they arc
clearly marked. Furthermore, a grcat deal of fresh has hI.:en added.
m~terial
r should like to express my particular gratitude to one exceptionally in his
~killcd
field - Bjorn Jensen of Alfabcta A S. Haldcn. His and help with computer prob
~dvicc
lems has me:lnt a great deal in securing progress ,Ind a satisfactory result.
1996 Willy A. Kirkeby
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T£GN OG FORKORTELS£R
S YMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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