Energy Transfer Dynamics: Studies and Essays in Honor of Herbert Fröhlich on His Eightieth Birthday PDF
Preview Energy Transfer Dynamics: Studies and Essays in Honor of Herbert Fröhlich on His Eightieth Birthday
Professor Herbert Frohlich Energy Transfer Dynamics Studies and Essays in Honor of Herbert Frohlich on His Eightieth Birthday Editors: T. W. Barrett and H. A. Pohl With 87 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Terence W.Barrett, Ph.D. W.1. Schafer Associates Inc., 1901 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 800, Arlington, VA 22209, USA Professor Herbert A. PoW (Deceased) ISBN-13:978-3-S40-17S02-S e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-71867-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-71867-0 Library ofC ongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Energy transfer dynamics. Includes Index. 1. Physics. 2. Pola rons. 3. Electron-phonon interactions. 4. Biophysics. 5. Frohlich, H. (Herbert) 1905-. I. Frohlich, H. (Herbert), 1905-. II. Barrett, T. W. (Terence William), 1939-. III. Pohl, Herbert A. (Herbert Ackland), 1916-1986. QC71.E63 1987 539.7'54 87-4704 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting reproduction on microftlrns or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provision oft he German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its version ofJune 24,1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Vedag Berlin Heidelberg 1987 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 2153/3150-543210 Preface On three occasions and at different locations, conferences were held to honor the eightieth birthday of Professor Herbert Frohlich: on the 18th December, 1985, in Liverpool, England; on the 14th February, 1986, in Stuttgart, Germany; and on the 8th March, 1986, on the Palm Coast, Florida. This Festschrift is a compilation of the papers of those conferences. Frohlich's choice of problems, from the earliest days, was couched in the phy sics of intrinsically interacting systems of excitation. One example, in which he set the course of research which is still followed, concerned dielectric breakdown, developed from the 1930's over several decades. The interacting systems are the electrons (receiving energy from an electric field) and lattice atom motion (taking energy from the electrons via "electron-phonon" interaction, hence heat dissipa tion). There is a threshold field above which the latter cannot keep up with the former, and the combined system (electrons plus phonons) "runs away"; that is to say, collectively it switches to a new state. While this general idea is straightforward, the actual theories of high field electronic conductivity, electron-phonon interaction, the role of defects, and effects of spatial heterogeneity posed major new research challenges in the then newly developing field of solid state physics. Frohlich and his students played a leading role in solving these problems over the next three decades, establishing corner stones and directions in the field. Clearly, high field transport in semiconductors, and a number of phenomena depending on electron-lattice coupling, utilize methods derived from their work. But of all the studies during this period, perhaps the two most exciting because of their simultaneous conceptual clarity, yet deep theoretical subtlety-were his seminal papers on the polaron (with Pelzer and Zienau, 1950) and on a collec tive electron-phonon model for superconductivity (1951). The polaron comprises an electron moving with a coherently "attached" lattice polarization, the whole being a collective state. Subsequently, it was realized by Feynman that this was a proto typical many-body problem, like the quantum electrodynamic interaction of an elec tron with radiation field oscillators. It may be said that the methods of quantum field theory flowered in treating the polaron problem. More or less simultaneously, Frohlich examined the coupling of two electrons to a phonon and showed that this could provide a coherent attractive interaction between them, and on that basis constructed a theory of the superconducting state. A major prediction of this theory, though it awaited key additions by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer in 1957, was that the transition temperature in isotropic forms of the same superconductor would be inversely proportional to the square root of the isotropic mass, which was observed experimentally at just about that time! v In more recent years, Frohlich turned to fundamental problems in biophysics. In 1968 he applied to the case of a biomolecular system a fundamental concept ori ginally proposed by Penrose of energy transfer to the oscillatory modes of a system. Energy might be received by the molecule via a mechanism similar to that of Bose-Einstein condensation in superfiuids or superconductors, except that the order arises when the energy or metabolic drive is made sufficiently large, rather than by lowering the temperature. Bose-Einstein condensation is present whenever the largest eigenvalue of the one-particle reduced density matrix is an extensive rather than an intensive quantity, or whenever-for a spatially uniform system with periodic boundary conditions-a finite fraction of the particles have identical momenta. Calculations of the long-wave elastic vibrations in such a molecular sys tem led to the prediction of microwave effects and the studies discussed in this Festschrift. Other calculations based on the vibrational activity of molecular subgroups led to predictions concerning molecular energy transfer of higher energy in the tenths of electron volt range. The mechanism of energy transfer for the latter higher range has been recognized as being very close to the Davydov soliton theory of vibronic energy transfer and the Holstein small polaron concept, a developed version of which is discussed in a number of the following chapters, and which is fundamental to the field of bioenergetics. Truly, to have the intuition and theoretical skill to perceive and explore ideas of such seminal importance is a rare quality, and Herbert Frohlich's contributions to science over half a century are distinguished by this ability. The editors would like to express their gratitude to the United States Naval Air Systems Command HQ for financial support in convening these conferences, to Professor Otis C. Dermer, Oklahoma State University, and to Mrs. D. Wilbanks of the Computerized Technical Composition Section, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., without whose assistance this Festschrift would not have been possible. James A. Krumhansl, New York Terence W. Barrett, Washington, D.C. VI Herbert A. Pohl It is a painful duty to report that one of the editors of this book, Dr. Herbert Ackland Pohl, died very suddenly in his laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on June 21st, 1986. Dr. Pohl was born on February 17th, 1916, in Lisbon, Portugal, as an Ameri can citizen. He earned the Ph.D. in chemical physics at Duke University, and served as a faculty member at Johns Hopkins University until he joined the U.S. Navy to work at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. during World War II. Thereafter he was with the duPont Company in Wilmington for some years working on synthetic fibers, and later in the Atomic Energy Division. He was a faculty member successively at Princeton University, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and Oklahoma State University, where he served as professor of physics from 1964 to 1981. He was a visiting professor at the University of Uppsala (1963), Cam bridge University (1971), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1984-6), and a visiting research scientist at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1976. His interests in biophysics were wide-ranging, and led him to become editor of the Journal of Biological PhysiCS in 1977. He was in constant collaboration with American and European colleagues. His best known book, Dielectrophoresis, is used in the United States, Europe and the Soviet Union, and cited in several chapters of this book. One such chapter, by Pohl and collaborators, reviews much of his recent ongoing research. Dr. Pohl is survived by his wife Eleanor, of Stillwater, Oklahoma, three sons, two daughters, and 12 grandchildren. His many friends will remember his love of ideas, puns (preferably scientific), humanity, good company and Mark Twain humor. He had a remarkable determination to stay professionally active in research as an emeritus professor and will be missed by colleagues and friends on two con tinents. Otis C. Dermer, Stillwater, Oklahoma Terence W. Barrett, Washington, D.C. VII Table of Contents Part I Physics 1. Nonadiabatic Processes in Surface Physics. By T. B. Grimley ................. 3 2. Dielectrics - the Frohlich Connection By D. G. Frood, T. 1. Gallagher, and B. K. P. Scaife .......................... 11 3. Some comments on the Role of Electrodes in Dielectric Breakdown of Solids By l l O'Dwyer ...................................................... 16 4. Multipolar Fluctuations in a Dielectric Sphere. By B. K. P. Scaife . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21 5. Nonlinear Physics of Electronic and Optical Materials for Submicron Device Applications. By T. W.Barrett (with 12 Figures) ............................ 24 6. Relativistic Characteristics of Electrons in Simple Nonparabolic Energy Bands By P. T.Landsberg ................................................ , ... 49 7. Breakdown of Invariants in Nonlinear Systems By L. E. Reichl and W.ALin (with 4 Figures) .............................. 54 8. Dynamics ofInteracting Electrons in Aperiodic Solids By M. Pollak (with 2 Figures) ........................................... 61 9. Quantum Statistical Basis of Thermodynamics with Phase Structure By G.L.Sewell (with 5 Figures) ......................................... 75 10. On Molecular Control. By T. W. Barrett .................................. 93 11. Structure of Liquid 1-alkanols and Some Isomers By W. G. Scaife (with 7 Figures) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98 12. Surface Transport in Time and Frequency Domains By AK.Jonscher (with 13 Figures) ...................................... 112 13. Absolute Entropy and the Problem of Microscopic Measurement. By L. Tisza ... 136 14. From Theoretical Physics to Biology: the Forward Path of Theory with Herbert Frohlich. By G.lHyland .............................................. 146 Part II Biophysics 15. On Davydov Solitons at 310 K. By A C. Scott ............................. 167 16. Comparisons of Optical Absorption by Impurity Center and by Polarons in Crystalline Acetanilide. By lA Krumhansl (with 1 Figure) .................. 174 17. The Vibrational Soliton: an Experimental Overview. By I.lBigio (with 4 Figures) ...................................................... 181 18. Long-lived and Large-coherence Length Excitations in the DNA Double Helix By E. W. Prohofsky (with 1 Figure) ...................................... 188 IX 19. Far Infrared Spectra of Biomolecules. By J.B.Hasted (with 5 Figures) ......... 198 20. Spectral Dimensions of Paramagnetic Proteins By HJ. Stapleton (with 11 Figures) ...................................... 210 21. The Role of Chaos in Biological Systems. By F. Kaiser (with 5 Figures) ........ 224 22. Non-Thermally Excited Modes and Free Energy Transduction in Proteins and Biological Membranes. By D.B.Kell .................................... 237 23. Herbert Frohlich, and the New Biophysics of Cooperativity. By H. A. Pohl ..... 247 24. Opposite Long-range Interactions Between Normal and Malignant Cells By W. Nag! and F. A. Popp (with 3 Figures) ............................... 248 25. Hopping Charge Carriers in Molecular Crystals and Biopolymers: the Frohlich Connection. By R.Pethig (with 3 Figures) ................................ 257 26. Cellular Molecular Processes Driven by Cell-Generated AC Electric Field By E. Del Giudice, S. Doglia, M. Milani, and G. Vitiello ..................... 264 27. Evidence for AC Fields from Living Biological Cells By H. A. Pohl, W. T. Phillips, and J. K. Pollock (with 4 Figures) ............... 273 28. On Morphogenesis in Living Systems. By F. W. Cummings (with 3 Figures) '" .287 29. Generalities: Living Systems and Dielectrics. By C. W. Smith ................ 303 30. Dielectric Spectroscopy, Dielectrophoresis and Field Interactions with Biological Materials. By H. P. Schwan (with 4 Figures) ...................... 317 31. Condensed Matter Physics and the Biology ofthe Future. By S. Rowlands ..... 328 Publications of H. Frohlich from 1930-1985 ................................. 335 Subject Index .......................................................... 347 x List of Contributors Dr. T.W. Barrett Professor lB. Hasted WJ. Schafer Associates, Inc. Birbeck College 1901 North Fort Myer Dr. University of London Suite 800 Malet Street Arlington, V A 22209 London WCIE 7HX England, UK Dr. 1.1. Bigio Center for Nonlinear Studies Professor G.J. Hyland Los Alamos National Laboratory Department of Physics Los Alamos, NM, 87545 USA University of Warwick Coventry Professor F.W. Cummings England, UK Department of Physics University of California Professor A.K. lonscher Riverside, CA 92512 USA Dielectrics Group King's College (KQC) Professor E. Del Giudice University of London Dipartimento di Fisica dell'U niversita Strand, London WC2R 2LS Via Celoria 16-20133 Milano, Italia England, UK Professor S. Doglia Professor F. Kaiser Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universita Institut fUr Angewandte Physik, Theorie Via Celoria 16-20133 Milano, Italia Technische Hochschule 6100 Darmstadt, FRG Professor D.G. Frood Department of Physics Professor D.B. Kell Lakehead University Department of Botany & Microbiology Thunder Bay University College of Wales Ontario P7B5E 1, Canada Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DA Wales, UK Professor TJ. Gallagher Department of Electrical Engineering Professor 1.A. Krumhansl University College Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics Dublin 2, Ireland Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Professor T.B. Grimley Donnan Laboratories Professor P.T. Landsberg University of Liverpool Department of Electrical Engineering P.O. Box 147 University of Florida Liverpool L69, 3BX Gainesville, FL 32611, USA England, UK XI
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