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ENERGY POLICIES, POLITICS AND PRICES E S NERGY ECURITY P , I ERSPECTIVES MPROVEMENT S C TRATEGIES AND HALLENGES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. E P , P NERGY OLICIES OLITICS P AND RICES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the eBooks tab. ENERGY POLICIES, POLITICS AND PRICES E S NERGY ECURITY P , I ERSPECTIVES MPROVEMENT S C TRATEGIES AND HALLENGES MIRJANA RADOVANOVIĆ, PHD EDITOR Copyright © 2018 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com. Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN. For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: [email protected]. NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:28)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:72)(cid:37)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:12) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Ensuring Global Energy Security: The Role of Russian Energy Policy 1 Olga Mirković Isaeva, Bojana Vasić and Mirjana Radovanović Chapter 2 EU Engagement in South China Sea Disputes and Its Potential to Exchange Global Energy Security 35 Andrea Fischer-Hotzel, Sophia Dieken and Jürgen-Friedrich Hake Chapter 3 The Role of HV Grid Development for Future Security in Electric Energy 71 Yuri Yegorov and Franz Wirl Chapter 4 Energy Security in South East Europe: Present and Future Challenges 97 Bojana Ž. Bajić, Damjan G. Vučurović and Siniša N. Dodić Chapter 5 Accession to EU and NATO and Energy Security: A Case of Slovenia 139 Polona Šprajc and Iztok Podbregar vi Contents Chapter 6 Natural Gas Infrastructure and Energy Security: A Comparison between the EU and China 171 Yuri Yegorov Chapter 7 Arrow’s Theorem and a Sustainability Preference Order: The Necessity of Social Discourse to Preserve Energy Security 197 Holger Schlör, Carolin Märker, Sandra Venghaus and Jürgen-Friedrich Hake Index 221 PREFACE Energy security is one of the greatest challenges of the modern world. The situation is further complicated by the fact that energy security can be viewed from different points of view, which are often contradictory and with no consensus on what energy security is and how it is measured, monitored or foreseen. This book presents the most important aspects of energy security, including its role as an element of national security and a factor of geopolitical stability. Many factors affect energy security (and vice versa) in different ways. This book discusses the most important: the impact of political changes, military operations, organizations (EU and NATO), and social movements on energy security. Special emphasis is given to energy infrastructure, as one of the major preconditions that will – along with geopolitical changes – have the greatest impact on energy security in the future. The book presents energy security specificities and challenges in the case of EU countries, the Russian Federation, the United States and China. It also provides an example of small countries that do not have their own energy resources, and therefore need to ensure their secure energy and political future in a rapidly changing world. The book is primarily intended for the academic community, decision-makers, energy sector companies and security services around the world. Chapter 1 - Energy security is one of the key priorities in each country of the world, especially in those that rely heavily on energy import. At the viii Mirjana Radovanović same time, large energy producers are developing their own energy strategies in order to use their resources effectively, without jeopardizing the future. Priorities of Russia’s global energy security policy are formulated taking into account the position of Russia as the main producer and consumer, of energy, energy carrier and, at least, potentially a country of energy transit. The authors of this chapter present the state and problems of the Russian energy sector, the threats and challenges for ensuring the national energy security of the country, parameters of Russia’s participation in the global energy sector, which determine the feasibility of implementing the Russian global energy security policy. Russian policy of ensuring the global energy security is in connection with Russian interests of ensuring own energy security, as part of the national security as a whole. The authors of this chapter point out main threats for energy security of Russia, as well as measures for its improvement. Stable energy production in the Russian Federation, together with economic development and international policy, are one of the major drivers, which will define and shape future global development. Chapter 2 - Improved cooperation between the US and China in the field of energy security would in all likelihood enhance energy security worldwide, increasing security generally and boosting the economy at the same time. Central to US-China relations will be the peaceful management of the South China Sea dispute, enabling littoral states and other trading nations to make the most of the regional shipping routes and resources. The European Union (EU) has a vital interest in well-working US-China relations to further its own security and trade interests. However, due to its strategic unimportance in East Asia it has few leverage points to contribute to it. Europe oscillates between emphasis on international law, especially the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), its interest in good economic and political relations with China and its hope that all parties involved in the conflict, not least the US, will somehow manage to uphold the principle of freedom of navigation at this geopolitically sensitive spot. In addition, the EU is internally divided on the issue, which inhibits the formation of a clear stance in the dispute. Reasons for this are diverging security interests of individual member