Energy Resources in Africa: Distribution, Opportunities and Challenges PDF
Preview Energy Resources in Africa: Distribution, Opportunities and Challenges
Herick Othieno · Joseph Awange Energy Resources in Africa Distribution, Opportunities and Challenges Energy Resources in Africa Herick Othieno Joseph Awange (cid:129) Energy Resources in Africa Distribution, Opportunities and Challenges 123 Herick Othieno JosephAwange Physics andMaterial Science Department ofSpatial Sciences MasenoUniversity Curtin University Maseno Bentley, WA Kenya Australia ISBN978-3-319-25185-1 ISBN978-3-319-25187-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25187-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015952028 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to our spouses, Mrs. Beatrice Othieno and Mrs. Naomi Awange, whose family time was painfully sacrificed during the long periods when we were working on the book. Preface The writing of this book was spurred by an earlier successful publication of a similar book by the same authors on “Energy Resources in East Africa”. Africa is nodoubtacontinentoflargediverseresourcesandtheirmanagementbyindividual countries is equally diverse as they usually embrace cultural, political and ethnic interests. These considerations are often influenced by the desire of one group to have more control of the national resources, and therefore, a management frame- workisrarelybasedontheinterestofthenationasawhole.Incertaininstances,as capturedbypresidentObama(US)inhisrecentvisittoKenya,thedesirecanbeso strongthatvicessuchascorruption,opentheft,employmentofunqualifiedrelatives and friends are openly practiced at the expense of national development. The end result is that the basic services to the people are neither adequately provided nor fairlydistributedandsothedeprivedcitizensbegintofeelalienatedfromtheirown government system, and the “grand corruption” settles in permanently. This, of course,isaverypessimisticwayoflookingatthesituationbut,unfortunately,itis the disease, which in its different forms, has crippled African Economic develop- ment particularly in the energy provision and infrastructural development sectors. Energyisknownandrightlyacceptedasthedrivingforceforanydevelopment,and Africa has a significant share of known world energy resources such as solar, oil, gas, coal, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and even uranium. However, it remains the poorest continent in the world mainly due to management culture described above.ThisbookhasattemptedtoidentifyenergyresourcesinAfricaandhoweach countryhasusedtheseresourcesforhereconomicdevelopmentandgeneralwelfare of her people. The continent has more than fifty independent states, and naturally, it would be difficulttofullypresenttheenergy situation ineachcountryindetail.Theauthors, therefore, divided the continent into four main regions and attempted to give an account of each region. East Africa, which straddles the Equator and lies in the sub-Saharanregion,isgivenanextensivecoverageasatypicalexampleofsituation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It has a whole range of climatic conditions and vegetation cover that adequately represent the situation in SSA, and therefore, the vii viii Preface discussions on biomass energy issues for East Africa also apply to West and southern Africa. North Africa and South Africa have their unique aspects that are presented in their respective chapters. Biomass use as a source of energy and biomass cooking and heating devices for the rural and peri-urban population has commonfeaturesacrossAfrica.Thisiswhytheirextensivecoverageinoneregion is sufficient. It should be noted that challenges and opportunities are not presented aschapters,butarescatteredoveralltheotherchapters.Thismakesiteasierforthe readertoidentifythespecificchallengesandopportunitiesthatexistineachcountry or region. In some instances, overall challenges and opportunities are discussed in Chaps. 1, 7, and 8, where the discussions are based on the global and African circumstances ingeneral.Thereareafewcasesinwhichgeographicalinformation and economic development drivers are presented to assist the readers who are not familiar with the location of some African countries. It is important to note that most of the statistics presented in this book, partic- ularly population figures, proven reserves of various resources and installed power capacities are changing fairly rapidly in some cases. Some data are not readily available and so figures referring to populations were mostly estimated using populationgrowthrates,whilequantitiessuchasnationaloil,gas,andcoalreserves are based on those quoted by most sources. They may therefore be different from those quoted by certain sources. Due recognition should also be given to the fact that these quantities change with time. However, the variation should not be more than10%forthespecifiedyear.Thereadermayalsonoticeanumberofrepetitions invarioussectionsandchapters.Theseshouldbeexpectedinabookofthisnature due to the need for comparative analysis of some information. TheAfricansolarandwindenergypotentialsarementionedinChap.1inavery general form. This isso because Africa traverses theequator, which dividesit into twoalmostequalpartssothatsolarradiationpatternsinbothnorthernandsouthern parts are relatively similar. It is also well known that wind speeds are suitable for thedevelopmentofwindpowergenerationfacilitiesinAfrica andsothetreatment inChap.1isconsideredsufficient.However,insomecases,thelevelsofwindand solar energy distributions are given for specific countries. Finally, some basic principles of renewable energy conversion technologies are also given in Chap. 6. Herick Othieno Maseno University, Kenya Joseph Awange Curtin University, Australia Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Kyoto University, Japan Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil Acknowledgments Africa is a large continent of diverse energy resources and synthesising the informationintoasinglebooknaturallyrequiredtheinvolvementofmanyplayers. Inordertocollectcredibleinformation,weneededtoengagetheservicesofenergy experts in different parts of Africa. For this reason, we divided Africa into four broadregionsdependingontheiruniqueenergyendowments:northernAfricawith oil,southernAfricawithcoal,andsub-SaharanAfrica(easternandwesternregions) withbiomass.MuchoftheinformationonsouthernAfrica(Chap.3)wasprovided by Dr. Josephine Musango of Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, while the material for Chap. 5 (northern Africa) was contributed by Dr. Abdallah Khellaf of Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER) in Algeria. Our deep appre- ciation goes to Dr. Khellaf who provided vital materials for the Chapter on North Africa and therefore deserves special credit for this contribution. We sincerely thankthembutalsowishtostatethat,astheauthors,wetakefullresponsibilityfor the authenticity of the information given in this book. We wish also to thank our employers: Maseno University (Kenya) and Curtin University (Australia) for the conducive working environment given to us. The first author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the British-Nigerian Education Trust (BNET)/Commonwealth Fellowship for providing financial sup- portthatenabledhimfinalisethecontentsofthebook.Thethreemonthsfellowship was spent at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria and, in this regard, the author acknowledges the good reception and support provided by the Department of Physics and the University of Ibadan in general. Furthermore, he wishes to thank TIGeR (The Institute forGeoscienceResearch)forfundinghis5weeksstay atthe DepartmentofSpatialSciences(CurtinUniversity),theperiodwhichthebookwas completed. He is grateful to his host Prof. Joseph Awange (second co-author) and theentirestaffofSpatialSciencesforthewarmwelcome.Onamorepersonalnote, the first author acknowledges the role of his colleagues in the Department of Physics and Materials Science at Maseno University for accepting to take more teaching loads, while he was away working on the book. ix x Acknowledgments The second author also wishes to express his sincere thanks to Prof. B. Heck (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany) for hosting him during the period of his Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (June–September 2015), Prof. Y.Fukuda(KyotoUniversity,Japan)forhostinghimduringtheperiodofhisJapan Society of Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship (October–November 2015), and Prof. R. Goncalves of Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil) for hosting him during his Science Without Boarder (December 2015–March 2016). Parts of this book were written during these periods. He is also grateful to Prof. B. Veenendaal (Head of Department, Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Australia) for the support and motivation that enabled the preparation of this edi- tion. He also wishes to acknowledge the support of Alexander von Humboldt that facilitated his stay at KIT, JSPS that supported his stay at Kyoto University, and CapesforsupportinghisstayinBrazil.Toall,hesays,“ahsantesana”(Swahilifor thank you very much). Special thanks go to our families, namely Mrs. Beatrice Othieno, children Judith, Walter and Nicholas & Dawn Othieno; Mrs. Naomi Awange, Lucy Awange and Ruth Awange who had to contend with our long periodsofabsencefromhome.Therewereanumberofinstitutionsandindividuals whoassistedusinonewayortheother,butitisnotpossibletomentionallofthem individuallyinthislimitedspace.Weapologiseforthisbutgratefullyacknowledge their valuable support and contributions. This is a TiGER Publication No. 632. Contents 1 Global Energy Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introductory Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Energy and Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Global Energy Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.1 Global Energy Demand and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 Bio-fuel Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4 The African Energy Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.5 African Energy Facts at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.6 African Energy Management Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.7 Conclusion Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2 Energy Resources in East Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1 Introductory Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2 Background Facts of East Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2.1 Energy Mix Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.2 Household Energy Application and Management . . . . . . 48 2.2.3 Commercial Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2.4 Energy Choice Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.2.5 Policy Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.3 Energy Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.3.1 Solar and Wind Energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2.3.2 Hydropower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.3.3 Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.3.4 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2.3.5 Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2.3.6 Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2.3.7 Thermal Generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 xi
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