Energy Policy Review : Spain 2015.

178 Pages·2015·2.959 MB·English

by  OECD

Secure Sustainable Together
Energy Policies of IEA Countries
Spain
2015
Review

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Secure Sustainable Together
Energy Policies of IEA Countries
Spain
2015
Review

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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member
countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among
its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agency’s aims include the following objectives:
Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection
in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute
to climate change.
Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of
energy data.
Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and
dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.
IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy Secure Sustainable Together
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
© OECD/IEA, 2015 Spain
International Energy Agency Sweden
9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
Turkey
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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9
Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9
Key recommendations ............................................................................................................... 12
PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................13
2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY...................................................................................................................... 14
Country overview ....................................................................................................................... 15
Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 16
Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 19
Key policies ................................................................................................................................. 21
Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 23
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 25
References ................................................................................................................................. 25
3. CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................................................................................................. 27
Greenhouse gas emissions ......................................................................................................... 27
Energy-related CO emissions .................................................................................................... 27
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Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 30
Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 30
Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 33
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 34
References ................................................................................................................................. 34
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................... 35
Final energy use ......................................................................................................................... 35
Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 38
Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 38
Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 46
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 48
References ................................................................................................................................. 49
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PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................50
5. OIL .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 53
Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 55
Retail market structure .............................................................................................................. 58
Emergency response policy ....................................................................................................... 58
Prices and taxes ......................................................................................................................... 60
Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 62
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 63
References ................................................................................................................................. 63
6. COAL ...................................................................................................................................................... 65
Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 65
Industry structure ...................................................................................................................... 66
Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 67
Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 72
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 73
References ................................................................................................................................. 73
7. NATURAL GAS ........................................................................................................................................ 75
Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 75
Regulatory framework ............................................................................................................... 77
Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 80
Market structure ........................................................................................................................ 84
Emergency response policy ....................................................................................................... 86
Prices and taxes ......................................................................................................................... 87
Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 89
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 90
References ................................................................................................................................. 91
8. ELECTRICITY ........................................................................................................................................... 93
Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 93
Institutions and regulatory framework ...................................................................................... 97
Wholesale market structure and design ..................................................................................102
Transmission and distribution..................................................................................................106
Cross-border interconnections ................................................................................................108
Retail market and prices ..........................................................................................................114
Electricity security ....................................................................................................................118
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................119
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................122
References ...............................................................................................................................123
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9. RENEWABLE ENERGY ...........................................................................................................................125
Supply and demand .................................................................................................................125
Institutions ...............................................................................................................................127
Policies and measures ..............................................................................................................128
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................132
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................134
References ...............................................................................................................................134
10. NUCLEAR ENERGY ..............................................................................................................................135
Overview ..................................................................................................................................135
Nuclear policy...........................................................................................................................137
Nuclear safety ..........................................................................................................................138
Nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste and decommissioning ..................................................140
Research and development, other nuclear infrastructure ......................................................143
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................143
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................145
Reference .................................................................................................................................145
PART III ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................... 147
11. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ...................................149
RD&D strategy ..........................................................................................................................149
Research institutions and selected programmes .....................................................................150
Funding ....................................................................................................................................151
International collaboration ......................................................................................................153
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................153
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................154
References ...............................................................................................................................154
PART IV ANNEXES ............................................................................................................... 155
ANNEX A: Organisation of the review .....................................................................................................157
ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data ................................................................................161
ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals” .........................................................................167
ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations ..........................................................................................169
List of figures, tables and boxes
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Map of Spain .................................................................................................................... 14
2.2 TPES, 1973-2014 .............................................................................................................. 16
2.3 Breakdown of TPES in IEA member countries, 2014 ....................................................... 17
5 2.4 Energy production by source, 1973-2014........................................................................ 18
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2.5 TFC by sector, 1973-2013 ................................................................................................ 19
3.1 CO emissions by sector, 1973-2013 ............................................................................... 28
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3.2 CO emissions by fuel, 1973-2013 ................................................................................... 28
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3.3 Energy-related CO emissions per unit of GDP in Spain and in other selected
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IEA member countries, 1973-2013 .................................................................................. 29
3.4 CO emissions and main drivers in Spain, 1990-2013 ..................................................... 29
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4.1 TFC by sector and by source, 1973-2013 ......................................................................... 36
4.2 Energy intensity in Spain and in other selected IEA member countries, 1973-2014 ...... 37
4.3 TPES per capita in IEA member countries, 2014 ............................................................. 38
5.1 Crude oil imports by source, 1974-2014 ......................................................................... 53
5.2 Oil supply by sector, 1973-2013 ...................................................................................... 55
5.3 Oil consumption by product, 2013 .................................................................................. 55
5.4 Map of the Spanish oil infrastructure, 2014 .................................................................... 56
5.5 Fuel prices in IEA member countries, first quarter 2015 ................................................. 61
6.1 Coal supply by sector, 1973-2013 .................................................................................... 66
6.2 Map of coal-fired power plants in Spain, 2014 ............................................................... 71
7.1 Spain’s natural gas net trade by country, 1990-2014 ...................................................... 76
7.2 Natural gas demand by sector, 1973-2013...................................................................... 76
7.3 Map of the Spanish natural gas infrastructure, 2014 ...................................................... 81
7.4 Gas prices in IEA member countries, 2014 ...................................................................... 88
7.5 Gas prices in Spain and selected IEA member countries, 2002-14 ................................. 89
8.1 Electricity generation by source, 1973-2014 ................................................................... 93
8.2 Electricity generation by source in IEA member countries, 2014 ................................... 94
8.3 Net electricity imports to and exports from Spain, by country, 1990-2013.................... 96
8.4 Electricity consumption by sector, 1973-2013 ................................................................ 97
8.5 Tariff deficit accumulated in Spain, 2000-14 ................................................................... 99
8.6 Costs and revenues in the Spanish electricity system, 2005-13 ...................................... 99
8.7 Overview of electricity markets in Spain .......................................................................103
8.8 EUROPEX quarterly electricity prices, January 2010 to June 2015 ................................104
8.9 Map of Spain’s electricity network, 2014 ......................................................................107
8.10 Electricity prices in IEA member countries, 2014 ..........................................................115
8.11 Electricity prices in Spain and in other selected IEA member
countries, 1980-2014 .....................................................................................................116
9.1 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES, 1973-2014 ...............................................125
9.2 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES in Spain and IEA member
countries, 2014 ..............................................................................................................126
9.3 Electricity generation from renewable sources as a percentage of all generation
in Spain and IEA member countries, 2014.....................................................................126
10.1 Energy availability factors of nuclear power plants in Spain and the OECD, 2000-13 ..137
11.1 Government energy RD&D spending as a ratio of GDP in IEA member
countries, 2013 ..............................................................................................................152
LIST OF TABLES
4.1 Alternative measures for meeting the obligation to 2020 under the EED, Art 7 ............ 41
6.1 Domestic coal production by type of coal, 2009-14 ........................................................ 65
6.2 Coal producers by capacity, 2014 .................................................................................... 67 5
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6.3 Operating aid to coal mining companies, 2009-14 .......................................................... 68
6.4 Coal-fired power plants in Spain, 2014 ............................................................................ 70
7.1 Spain’s cross-border natural gas interconnections, 2014 ............................................... 82
7.2 Underground gas storage in Spain, 2014......................................................................... 83
7.3 LNG regasification terminals in Spain, 2014 .................................................................... 84
8.1 Installed generating capacity at the end of 2014 ............................................................ 95
8.2 Net transfer capacities between Spain and its neighbouring countries, MW ...............109
8.3 Expected reserve margin in winter in Spain ..................................................................118
9.1 Renewable electricity generating capacity, 1990-2013 (MW) ......................................127
9.2 Support for renewable electricity by technology, 2012 ................................................130
9.3 Support for renewable electricity by technology, 2013 ................................................130
10.1 Nuclear units in operation in Spain, 2013 .....................................................................136
LIST OF BOXES
6.1 The Directives on Large Combustion Plants and Industrial Emissions ............................ 69
8.1 The Santa Llogaia-Baixas interconnection .....................................................................110
10.1 Results of EU stress tests ...............................................................................................139

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