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Energy Policy Review : Spain 2015. PDF

178 Pages·2015·2.959 MB·English
by  OECD
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Secure Sustainable Together Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain 2015 Review 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E O © 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E O © Secure Sustainable Together Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain 2015 Review 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E O © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Secure Sustainable Together Japan Korea Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2015 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey www.iea.org 5 United Kingdom 1 0 2 Please note that this publication United States A, E is subject to specific restrictions The European Commission D/I that limit its use and distribution. C The terms and conditions are also participates in OE available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ the work of the IEA. © Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Key recommendations ............................................................................................................... 12 PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................13 2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY...................................................................................................................... 14 Country overview ....................................................................................................................... 15 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 16 Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 19 Key policies ................................................................................................................................. 21 Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 23 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 25 References ................................................................................................................................. 25 3. CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................................................................................................. 27 Greenhouse gas emissions ......................................................................................................... 27 Energy-related CO emissions .................................................................................................... 27 2 Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 30 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 30 Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 33 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 34 References ................................................................................................................................. 34 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................... 35 Final energy use ......................................................................................................................... 35 Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 38 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 38 Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 46 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 48 References ................................................................................................................................. 49 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E O 3 © Table of contents PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................50 5. OIL .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 53 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 55 Retail market structure .............................................................................................................. 58 Emergency response policy ....................................................................................................... 58 Prices and taxes ......................................................................................................................... 60 Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 62 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 63 References ................................................................................................................................. 63 6. COAL ...................................................................................................................................................... 65 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 65 Industry structure ...................................................................................................................... 66 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 67 Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 72 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 73 References ................................................................................................................................. 73 7. NATURAL GAS ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 75 Regulatory framework ............................................................................................................... 77 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 80 Market structure ........................................................................................................................ 84 Emergency response policy ....................................................................................................... 86 Prices and taxes ......................................................................................................................... 87 Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 89 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 90 References ................................................................................................................................. 91 8. ELECTRICITY ........................................................................................................................................... 93 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 93 Institutions and regulatory framework ...................................................................................... 97 Wholesale market structure and design ..................................................................................102 Transmission and distribution..................................................................................................106 Cross-border interconnections ................................................................................................108 Retail market and prices ..........................................................................................................114 Electricity security ....................................................................................................................118 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................119 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................122 References ...............................................................................................................................123 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E 4 O © Table of contents 9. RENEWABLE ENERGY ...........................................................................................................................125 Supply and demand .................................................................................................................125 Institutions ...............................................................................................................................127 Policies and measures ..............................................................................................................128 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................132 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................134 References ...............................................................................................................................134 10. NUCLEAR ENERGY ..............................................................................................................................135 Overview ..................................................................................................................................135 Nuclear policy...........................................................................................................................137 Nuclear safety ..........................................................................................................................138 Nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste and decommissioning ..................................................140 Research and development, other nuclear infrastructure ......................................................143 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................143 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................145 Reference .................................................................................................................................145 PART III ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................... 147 11. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ...................................149 RD&D strategy ..........................................................................................................................149 Research institutions and selected programmes .....................................................................150 Funding ....................................................................................................................................151 International collaboration ......................................................................................................153 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................153 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................154 References ...............................................................................................................................154 PART IV ANNEXES ............................................................................................................... 155 ANNEX A: Organisation of the review .....................................................................................................157 ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data ................................................................................161 ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals” .........................................................................167 ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations ..........................................................................................169 List of figures, tables and boxes LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of Spain .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 TPES, 1973-2014 .............................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Breakdown of TPES in IEA member countries, 2014 ....................................................... 17 5 2.4 Energy production by source, 1973-2014........................................................................ 18 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E O 5 © Table of contents 2.5 TFC by sector, 1973-2013 ................................................................................................ 19 3.1 CO emissions by sector, 1973-2013 ............................................................................... 28 2 3.2 CO emissions by fuel, 1973-2013 ................................................................................... 28 2 3.3 Energy-related CO emissions per unit of GDP in Spain and in other selected 2 IEA member countries, 1973-2013 .................................................................................. 29 3.4 CO emissions and main drivers in Spain, 1990-2013 ..................................................... 29 2 4.1 TFC by sector and by source, 1973-2013 ......................................................................... 36 4.2 Energy intensity in Spain and in other selected IEA member countries, 1973-2014 ...... 37 4.3 TPES per capita in IEA member countries, 2014 ............................................................. 38 5.1 Crude oil imports by source, 1974-2014 ......................................................................... 53 5.2 Oil supply by sector, 1973-2013 ...................................................................................... 55 5.3 Oil consumption by product, 2013 .................................................................................. 55 5.4 Map of the Spanish oil infrastructure, 2014 .................................................................... 56 5.5 Fuel prices in IEA member countries, first quarter 2015 ................................................. 61 6.1 Coal supply by sector, 1973-2013 .................................................................................... 66 6.2 Map of coal-fired power plants in Spain, 2014 ............................................................... 71 7.1 Spain’s natural gas net trade by country, 1990-2014 ...................................................... 76 7.2 Natural gas demand by sector, 1973-2013...................................................................... 76 7.3 Map of the Spanish natural gas infrastructure, 2014 ...................................................... 81 7.4 Gas prices in IEA member countries, 2014 ...................................................................... 88 7.5 Gas prices in Spain and selected IEA member countries, 2002-14 ................................. 89 8.1 Electricity generation by source, 1973-2014 ................................................................... 93 8.2 Electricity generation by source in IEA member countries, 2014 ................................... 94 8.3 Net electricity imports to and exports from Spain, by country, 1990-2013.................... 96 8.4 Electricity consumption by sector, 1973-2013 ................................................................ 97 8.5 Tariff deficit accumulated in Spain, 2000-14 ................................................................... 99 8.6 Costs and revenues in the Spanish electricity system, 2005-13 ...................................... 99 8.7 Overview of electricity markets in Spain .......................................................................103 8.8 EUROPEX quarterly electricity prices, January 2010 to June 2015 ................................104 8.9 Map of Spain’s electricity network, 2014 ......................................................................107 8.10 Electricity prices in IEA member countries, 2014 ..........................................................115 8.11 Electricity prices in Spain and in other selected IEA member countries, 1980-2014 .....................................................................................................116 9.1 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES, 1973-2014 ...............................................125 9.2 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES in Spain and IEA member countries, 2014 ..............................................................................................................126 9.3 Electricity generation from renewable sources as a percentage of all generation in Spain and IEA member countries, 2014.....................................................................126 10.1 Energy availability factors of nuclear power plants in Spain and the OECD, 2000-13 ..137 11.1 Government energy RD&D spending as a ratio of GDP in IEA member countries, 2013 ..............................................................................................................152 LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Alternative measures for meeting the obligation to 2020 under the EED, Art 7 ............ 41 6.1 Domestic coal production by type of coal, 2009-14 ........................................................ 65 6.2 Coal producers by capacity, 2014 .................................................................................... 67 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E 6 O © Table of contents 6.3 Operating aid to coal mining companies, 2009-14 .......................................................... 68 6.4 Coal-fired power plants in Spain, 2014 ............................................................................ 70 7.1 Spain’s cross-border natural gas interconnections, 2014 ............................................... 82 7.2 Underground gas storage in Spain, 2014......................................................................... 83 7.3 LNG regasification terminals in Spain, 2014 .................................................................... 84 8.1 Installed generating capacity at the end of 2014 ............................................................ 95 8.2 Net transfer capacities between Spain and its neighbouring countries, MW ...............109 8.3 Expected reserve margin in winter in Spain ..................................................................118 9.1 Renewable electricity generating capacity, 1990-2013 (MW) ......................................127 9.2 Support for renewable electricity by technology, 2012 ................................................130 9.3 Support for renewable electricity by technology, 2013 ................................................130 10.1 Nuclear units in operation in Spain, 2013 .....................................................................136 LIST OF BOXES 6.1 The Directives on Large Combustion Plants and Industrial Emissions ............................ 69 8.1 The Santa Llogaia-Baixas interconnection .....................................................................110 10.1 Results of EU stress tests ...............................................................................................139 5 1 0 2 A, E D/I C E O 7 © 5 1 0 2 A, D/IE C E 8 O ©

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