Energy Policy in the European Union

187 Pages·1997·18.276 MB·English

by  Janne Haaland Matláry (auth.)

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Energy Policy in the
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Janne Haaland Matlary
© Janne Haaland Mathiry 1997
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To Arpdd) perennial critic
Contents
Acknowledgements x
List oj Abbreviations XlI
Introduction 1
Analytical approach 2
The setting for EU energy policy 6
The structure of this book 10
1 The DeveloplDent of Energy Policy in the
European Union 12
Introduction: the lack of an EU energy policy 12
The beginnings: the ECSC and Euratom 14
The turning point: the internal energy market 19
Extending the scope of energy policy 22
Conclusions 23
2 National Energy Policies in EU Countries 25
Introduction: the structural parameters 25
The producers: Netherlands, Denmark and Britain 28
The importers: Germany, France and Italy 32
The small importers: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Sweden
and Luxembourg 40
The 'cohesion' countries: Ireland, Greece, Spain and
Portugal 42
Conclusions 43
3 The Internal Energy Market 45
Introduction: the Commission as regulator 45
Deregulation and reregulation 46
A competence for networks 51
Policy on state aid 52
The IEM as a legal international regime 53
The Euro-Mediterranean strategy 54
VlI
Vlll Contents
Free market rules for exploration and production 55
Conclusions 56
4 Towards a Cotntnon Energy Policy? 58
Introduction: taking advantage of external 'windows of
opportunity' 58
The CEP proposals 60
The fight for a formal competence 62
The environment and energy 65
Energy policy towards Central Europe and the CIS 71
Conclusions 77
5 The Role of Metnber Governtnents and Interest
Groups 79
Governments and the internal energy market 79
Governments and the common energy policy 88
Domestic and ED-level strategies 93
The role of interest groups 95
Conclusions 103
6 The Role of EU Actors 104
The ED institutions and decision-making after the SEA
and TED 104
The Commission 106
The European Court of Justice and the Competition
Directorate 119
The European Parliament 124
The Council of Energy Ministers 128
The European Council 129
Conclusions 130
7 EU-Metnber States' Relations: Etnpirical
Conclusions and Theoretical Itnplications 133
Member governments and the energy policy-making
process 133
The ED actors in the energy policy-making process 137
Theoretical implications: how to study the influence of
non-state actors 141
Theoretical conclusions 149
Contents ix
Conclusion: The Future of EU Energy Policy 151
Guide to Further Reading 161
Riferences 163
Index 172
Acknowledgetnents
The research for this study started in 1988/89 during a Fulbright
research stay at the Foreign Policy Institute of the Johns Hopkins
School of Advanced International Study in Washington, DC. There I
was fortunate to work with Professor Wilfried Kohl and others with
an interest in the political economy of energy trade. During that time
I also benefited from discussions with scholars at the MIT and Cornell
University, among them Richard Samuels and Peter Katzenstein.
At the Norwegian Institute ofInternational Affairs (NUPI), where
part of this study was written, I enjoyed the cooperation of Professor
Martin Seeter, who, apart from being knowledgeable about energy, is
an expert on EU integration. The study was completed at the Center
for International Climate and Energy Policy Research (CICERO) of
Oslo University. I wish to thank director Helga Hernes and Professor
Arild Underdal for helpful comments and advice, and also for the
generous amount of time off I was given from other research to
complete this book in 1995. In my senior research position at
ARENA (Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Na
tion-State), Oslo University, I was able to do the final revision of the
manuscript.
The empirical material for the study was gathered over several
years, starting in 1985, and included several rounds of interviews in
the national capitals of the countries being studied and in the EU
Commission in 1985, 1986, 1990 and 1992. I am grateful for the
openness of the interviewees and respect their general wish to remain
anonymous. Director Hans Maters ofDGXVII was very helpful both
in terms of substance and in providing me with contacts to discuss the
work of the Commission.
Professor Stephen George, University of Sheffield, and Professor
Walter Carisnees, Uppsala University, provided incisive criticism
when my DPhil thesis on EU energy policy was defended in March
1994. Likewise I am indebted to Professors Knut Midgaard and
Helge Hveem of the Institute of Political Science, Oslo University, for
their helpful comments on the thesis, as well as to an anonymous
reviewer who provided most helpful and detailed comments.
x