Energy Policy and Land-Use Planning. An International Perspective PDF
Preview Energy Policy and Land-Use Planning. An International Perspective
Pergamon Urban and Regional Planning Advisory Committee D. R. DIAMOND, M.A., M.Sc. (Chairman), Reader in Regional Planning, London School of Economics GWEN BELL, Ph.D., Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA G. BROADBENT, B.Arch., Head of School of Architecture, Portsmouth Polytechnic G. F. CHADWICK, Ph.D., M.A., B.Sc.Tech., F.R.T.P.I., F.I.LA., Planning Consultant, Sometime Professor of Town and Country Planning, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne A. K. F. FALUDI, Dipl.-lng., Dr.Tech., Professor of Planning Theory, University of Amsterdam J.K. FRIEND, M.A., Centre for Organisational and Operational Research, Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, London D.C.GILL,B.A.,M.R.T.P.L, Director of Planning, Humberside County Council B. GOODEY, B.A., M.A., Senior Lecturer in Urban Analysis and Perception, Urban Design, Department of Town Planning, Oxford Polytechnic FRANK A. HAIGHT, Ph.D., Professor of Statistics and Transportation, The Pennsylvania State University J. B. McLOUGHLIN, B.A., M.R.T.P.I., Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria K.C. ROSSER, M.A., Ph.D., Director, Development Planning Unit, Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College, London D. N. M. STARKIE, B.Sc. (Econ.), M.Sc. (Econ.), Professional Research Fellow in Transport Policy, Department of Economics, University of Adelaide B. STYLES, B.A., M.C.D., M.R.T.P.I., Divisional Planning Officer, City of Birmingham Planning Department ENERGY POLICY AND LAND-USE PLANNING An International Perspective Edited by David R. Cope, Peter Hills and Peter James PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD · NEW YORK · TORONTO · SYDNEY · PARIS · FRANKFURT U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, England USA Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, USA CANADA Pergamon Press Canada Ltd., Suite 104,150 Consumers Road, Willowdale, Ontario M2J 1P9, Canada AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544, Potts Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia FRANCE Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France FEDERAL REPUBLIC Pergamon Press GmbH, Hammerweg 6, D-6242 OFGERMANY Kronberg-Taunus, Federal Republicof Germany Copyright © 1984 David Cope, Peter Hills and Peter James All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without permis- sion in writing from the publishers. First edition 1984 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Energy policy and land-use planning. (Urban and regional planning series; v. 32) Includes index. 1. Land use—Planning. 2. Energy policy. 3. Environmental policy. 4. Space in economics. I. Cope, David R. II. Hills, Peter J. III. James, Peter. IV. Series. HD108.6.E53 1983 333.73Ί7 83-13236 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Energy policy and land-use planning.—(Urban and regional planning). 1. Land 2. Regional planning—Economic aspects I. Cope, David R. II. Hills, Peter III. James, Peter IV. Series 333.7 HD111 ISBN 0-08-026757-2 (Hardcover) 0-08-031323-X (Flexicover) Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton <£ Co. Ltd., Exeter To Sharon Maria Susan About the Authors DAVID R. COPE David R. Cope is a Lecturer in Environmental Planning at Nottingham University. During the period 1981-84 he took leave of absence from the university to work as Environmental Team Leader of the Economic Assess- ment Service of the International Energy Agency's Coal Research Service in London. While at Nottingham he collaborated closely with Peter Hills on several research projects related to coal, environment and planning issues in Britain, the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany, organised by the Energy and Planning Group. JOHN GLASSON John Glasson is now Acting Head of the Department of Town Planning, Oxford Polytechnic. He is also the Project Investigator for the Power Station Impacts Research Project which is based at Oxford. His recent publications include 4An Introduction to Regional Planning', The Socio-Economic Effects of Power Stations on their Localities' and 'Environmental Impact Analysis: From Theory to Practice'. MICHAEL GOUGH Michael Gough is a Senior Planner with Dublin Corporation and is currently President of the Irish Planning Institute. Formerly a planner with Waterford Corporation, he has written a number of papers and reports on energy and planning matters in Ireland. PETER HILLS Peter Hills is now Senior Lecturer in Urban Planning in the Centre of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, University of Hong Kong. He was formerly a Lecturer in Planning Studies at Nottingham University, where he worked closely with David Cope on a number of research projects concerning energy/environment issues. His primary interests are in the field of environ- mental assessment procedures and techniques and energy resource development. VII viii About the Authors PETER JAMES Peter James is now a freelance journalist covering energy and environmental matters for the press, radio and television. He was formerly a research assistant with the Energy and Planning Group at the University of Nottingham. He is the author of The Future of Coal' (Macmillan, 1982). ANTOINE H. M. JANSSEN Antoine H. M. Janssen has a degree in Law and has been employed in various functions by the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs since 1974. During this period he has been involved in questions related to European integration, multinational enterprises and cartel policy. At pre- sent he is attached to the Directorate for Electricity and Nuclear Energy of the Directorate-General of the Ministry and has worked on the Memoran- dum on Power Generation Fuels, published in July, 1980, which served as a starting point for the Public Discussion on energy problems held in the Netherlands in 1981-82. J. OWEN LEWIS Owen Lewis qualified as an architect at University College Dublin and has been Research Architect at the Institute for Industrial Research and Stan- dards in Dublin. He joined the staff of the School of Architecture in University College Dublin in 1974 and is now College Lecturer in Building Technology at the school. He is active in the European solar energy research programme, particu- larly in performance monitoring of solar-heated dwellings and passive solar energy. He is a founder member of the Solar Energy Society of Ireland and was its secretary from 1976-79 and Chairman from 1979-81. G. A. MACKAY G. A. (Tony) Mackay is a partner with PEIDA, a firm of economic consultants based in Edinburgh. He spent 13 years on the staff of the University of Aberdeen and has written various books and articles on North Sea oil, energy and regional economics. JON O'RIORDAN A graduate of the Geography Department of the University of Edinburgh, Jon O'Riordan completed his Ph.D on water resource management in About the Authors ix British Columbia, Canada. After working on a federal/provincial study on comprehensive river basin planning, he joined the provincial government in 1973 as a member of the Secretariat of the Provincial Cabinet's Environment and Land Use Committee. He is now Director of Planning in the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, responsible for developing long term environmental manage- ment plans for the province. SUSAN OWENS Susan Owens graduated in Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, where she subsequently completed her Ph.D in the field of energy demand and planning. She compiled the 'Register of Energy Research in the Social Sciences' for the Social Science Research Council's Energy Panel and subsequently worked for 2 years with the Energy and Planning Group at the University of Nottingham. She is now University Assistant Lecturer in Geography and Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. PETER ROBERTS AND TIM SHAW Peter Roberts and Tim Shaw were previously Senior Lecturers in the Department of Town and Country Planning, Liverpool Polytechnic and were responsible for starting the Celtic and Irish Sea Oil and Gas Research Unit. They have collaborated on various papers dealing with the develop- ment of oil and gas resources. Peter Roberts is currently Principal Lecturer in Regional Planning at Coventry (Lanchester) Polytechnic. Tim Shaw is a Lecturer in Planning in the Department of Town and Country Planning at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Preface FEW issues have captured public and political attention to quite the same extent as energy over the period since the early 1970s. Academics too have shown increasing interest in the technical, economic, social and environmen- tal aspects of energy supply and demand systems. The literature on energy issues has increased dramatically since the first Oil crisis' of 1973-^t. Despite this undoubted interest in energy, certain aspects of the relation- ships between energy systems and policy making and regulatory systems have remained relatively neglected. One such important area is the relation between energy and land-use planning. This field of planning activity relates to the issues, procedures and methods used to determine the use of land, the linkages between different land uses and the implications of choices in the use of land for such important factors as employment generation and environmental impacts. Although a growing number of commentators have emphasised the potential significance of land-use planning systems, both as a positive factor in managing and controlling energy-related impacts and achieving more energy efficient societies, or as a negative factor in constrain- ing much-needed energy supply projects, relatively little literature is availa- ble which attempts to investigate the linkages between energy and planning in a systematic fashion. It is towards fillingt his particular gap that the present book is directed. The central concerns of this book relate to two main groups of issues. Firstly, it has become increasingly clear that public discussion and evaluation of energy investment decisions usually arise in their most open and intense form during the course of the land-use planning development control, or permitting, process which is pursued in response to plans to construct individual energy developments. This has meant that land-use planning systems have been a primary vehicle in the evaluation of national energy plans and quite often, as a result, have been put under considerable strain as they have usually not been specifically designed for such a task. This has certainly been the case in the United Kingdom but is also evident elsewhere. Secondly, there has been growing recognition that as a result of the point made above and because of the increased demand for exhaustive and open evaluation of energy development proposals, the land-use planning process is being seen more and more as a constraint on the achievement of certain goals laid down by, or for, energy utility developers. This constraint arises from the time required to progress through the various stages of the process. The outcome has variously been demands for the streamlining of the XI xii Preface process, proposals for exempting developments from the normal processes of law, or attempts by energy facility developers to come to terms with the demands imposed upon them by adopting particular procedures to ensure greater conformity with the requirements of the planning process. One excellent example of this adaptive response has been the increasingly widespread use of Environmental Impact Assessment (ElA) in the project appraisal process. These, then, are the broad categories of issues addressed in the various chapters of this book. The book is not, at least primarily, concerned with the energy aspects of economic planning, such as relations between energy growth and GDP growth, capital supply, investment decisions and so on. Nor is it primarily concerned with relationships between energy supply and consumption and resulting physical environmental pollution effects except as far as these are considered by land-use planning systems. In other words, it is not intended to be yet another book on 'energy and the environment' of which there are already a large number. Obviously, it is not possible to divorce land-use planning considerations completely from either national economic planning or environmental pollution interactions, but as the reader will find, these are not the central concerns of the chapters in this book. As with any book there are numerous individuals and organisations whose help and co-operation has contributed in no small measure to the realisation of the project. The editors, in particular, would like to express their appreciation to the Geography and Planning Committee and the Energy Panel of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) which provided funding during the period 1977-82 to support research projects and research students associated with the Energy and Planning Group at Nottingham University. Although none of the chapters in this book is based specifically on SSRC-funded projects we do nonetheless wish to acknowledge the considerable contribution which the SSRC has made to the development of social science energy research in the United Kingdom. On behalf of all the contributors to this book we would like to thank the many individuals in the energy industries, government departments and planning agencies, who have made available information on which the various chapters draw. The editors would also like to express their gratitude to the contributing authors to this book. The task of organising their contributions was made much easier by the way in which they responded to our deadlines and requests for amendments. Contacts for the two chapters on Ireland and the Netherlands were made in June, 1979 when David Cope attended session 191 of the Salzburg Seminar, Schloss Leopoldskron, Salzburg, Austria, and we are grateful for the opportunities provided by the Seminar and the Faculty of session 191. Preface xiii Finally, we would like to thank Renata Loj and Sue Pinkett for typing the manuscript and Gill Thomas for her excellent work on the maps and diagrams. Nottingham DAVID R. COPE PETER HILLS PETER JAMES
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