Energy policies of IEA countries. Netherlands 2014.

204 Pages·2014·4.923 MB·English

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Energy Policies of IEA Countries
The Netherlands
2014
Review

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Energy Policies of IEA Countries
The Netherlands
2014
Review

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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member
countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among
its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agency’s aims include the following objectives:
n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection
in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute
to climate change.
n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of
energy data.
n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and
dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.
IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea (Republic of)
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
© OECD/IEA, 2014 Spain
International Energy Agency Sweden
9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey
www.iea.org United Kingdom
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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9
Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9
Shaping progress ........................................................................................................................11
Key recommendations ...............................................................................................................14
PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................15
2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY......................................................................................................................17
Country overview .......................................................................................................................17
Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................19
Institutions .................................................................................................................................22
Key policies .................................................................................................................................23
Assessment ................................................................................................................................28
Recommendations .....................................................................................................................30
3. CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................................................................31
Overview ....................................................................................................................................31
GHG emissions, targets and projections ....................................................................................32
CO emissions from fuel combustion .........................................................................................33
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Institutions .................................................................................................................................35
Policies and measures ................................................................................................................36
Assessment ................................................................................................................................48
Recommendations .....................................................................................................................50
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ...........................................................................................................................51
Overview ....................................................................................................................................51
Institutions .................................................................................................................................53
Policies and measures ................................................................................................................54
Assessment ................................................................................................................................62
Recommendations .....................................................................................................................65
PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................67
5. ELECTRICITY ...........................................................................................................................................69
Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................69
4 Institutions .................................................................................................................................74
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Market design and regulation ....................................................................................................75
Market structure ........................................................................................................................80
Networks ....................................................................................................................................81
Network expansion and investment ..........................................................................................86
Retail market and prices ............................................................................................................89
Electricity security ......................................................................................................................92
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................100
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................102
6. RENEWABLE ENERGY ...........................................................................................................................105
Overview ..................................................................................................................................105
Renewable energy supply ........................................................................................................105
Institutions ...............................................................................................................................107
Policies and support schemes ..................................................................................................108
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................114
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................116
7. NUCLEAR ENERGY ................................................................................................................................119
Overview ..................................................................................................................................119
Nuclear policy...........................................................................................................................120
Institutions ...............................................................................................................................121
Nuclear safety ..........................................................................................................................122
Nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste and decommissioning ..................................................124
Research and development, other nuclear infrastructure ......................................................126
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................126
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................127
8. NATURAL GAS AND OIL .......................................................................................................................129
Overview ..................................................................................................................................129
Natural gas supply and demand ..............................................................................................131
Natural gas infrastructure ........................................................................................................136
Natural gas market structure and regulation ..........................................................................140
Natural gas prices .....................................................................................................................145
Security of gas supply...............................................................................................................148
Oil .............................................................................................................................................150
Oil market and infrastructure ..................................................................................................153
Oil prices and taxes ..................................................................................................................156
Security of oil supply ................................................................................................................157
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................159
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................162
9. COAL ....................................................................................................................................................163
Supply and demand .................................................................................................................163
Coal industry policy ..................................................................................................................165
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Assessment ..............................................................................................................................167
Recommendation .....................................................................................................................168
10. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT ...........169
Overview ..................................................................................................................................169
Institutional framework ...........................................................................................................169
Energy research policy, programmes and funding ..................................................................170
Evaluations ...............................................................................................................................173
Funding ....................................................................................................................................174
Projects and programmes ........................................................................................................176
International collaboration ......................................................................................................177
Private-sector participation .....................................................................................................177
Assessment ..............................................................................................................................178
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................180
PART III ANNEXES ............................................................................................................. 181
ANNEX A: Organisation of the review .....................................................................................................183
ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data ................................................................................187
ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals” .........................................................................193
ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations ...........................................................................................195

List of figures, tables and boxes
FIGURES
2.1 Map of the Netherlands ...................................................................................................16
2.2 TPES, 1973-2012 ...............................................................................................................19
2.3 Breakdown of TPES in IEA member countries, 2012 ........................................................20
2.4 Energy production by source, 1973-2012 .........................................................................21
2.5 TFC by sector, 1973-2012 .................................................................................................21
2.6 CO emissions and main drivers, 1990-2012 ....................................................................21
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2.7 TPES with projections, 1973-2030 ....................................................................................22
3.1 CO emissions by fuel, 1973-2012 ....................................................................................33
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3.2 CO emissions by sector, 1973-2012 ................................................................................34
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3.3 Energy-related CO emissions per real GDP and TPES in the Netherlands and
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in other selected IEA member countries, 1973-2011 .......................................................35
3.4 Energy-related CO emissions per capita and per electricity and heat generation
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in the Netherlands and IEA average, 1990-2011 ..............................................................35
4.1 TFC by sector and by source, 1973-2012 ..........................................................................52
4.2 Energy intensity in the Netherlands and in other selected IEA member countries,
1973-2012 .........................................................................................................................53
5.1 Electricity generation by source, 1973-2012 ....................................................................70
5.2 Breakdown of electricity generation by source in IEA member countries, 2012 .............70
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5.3 Electricity consumption by sector, 1973-2012 .................................................................72
5.4 Net electricity imports to and exports from the Netherlands by country, 2004-12 ........73
5.5 Overview of market coupling in the European internal electricity market ......................76
5.6 Price convergence at the Dutch-German border, January 2011 to February 2013 .........79
5.7 Installed capacity and electricity generation in Germany, 2000-12
(capacity in gigawatts and generation in terawatt hours)................................................79
5.8 Central-West European spot power prices for baseload capacity ...................................81
5.9 The Dutch electricity transmission grid, 2013 ..................................................................83
5.10 Electricity prices and taxes, 2013 .....................................................................................89
5.12 Continuity of supply indicators for the Netherlands, 2009-12 .........................................92
5.13 Generation adequacy indicators for the Netherlands, 2011-18 .......................................94
5.14 Generation diversity indicators for the Netherlands, 2012-20 ........................................95
5.15 Power system flexibility indicators for the Netherlands, 2012-20 ...................................96
6.1 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES, 1973-2012 ................................................106
6.2 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES in IEA member countries, 2012 ................106
6.3 Electricity generation from renewable sources as a percentage of all generation
in IEA member countries, 2012 ......................................................................................107
6.4 Progress towards 2020 renewables targets in EU member and non-member states ...109
6.5 Evidence-based renewable energy policies ....................................................................116
7.1 Energy availability factor of the nuclear power plant, 2000-12 .....................................120
7.2 Regulatory structure of the nuclear sector in the Netherlands .....................................122
8.1 Map of oil and gas fields in the Netherlands ..................................................................130
8.2 Natural gas production from the Groningen field, 1990-2024 .......................................132
8.3 Natural gas indigenous production and net exports, 1973-2012 ...................................133
8.4 Government revenues from natural gas, 1990-2012 .....................................................134
8.5 Natural gas demand by sector, 1973-2030 .....................................................................136
8.6 The Dutch Gas Building ...................................................................................................141
8.7 Natural gas infrastructure in the Netherlands ................................................................143
8.8 Monthly volumes of the Dutch Title Transfer Facility, January 2009 to October 2013 .......146
8.9 Liquidity of major European gas hubs, January 2011 to October 2013 (based on OTC) .......146
8.10 Converging monthly EU gas hub prices, January 2011 to September 2013 ...................146
8.11 Breakdown of the annual gas bill of a Dutch household, 2011 ......................................147
8.12 Gas prices in IEA member countries, 2013 .....................................................................148
8.13 Oil indigenous production and net imports, 1973-2030 ................................................150
8.14 Oil demand by sector, 1973-2030 ..................................................................................152
8.15 Oil consumption by product, 2012 .................................................................................152
8.16 Oil infrastructure in the Netherlands .............................................................................155
8.17 IEA fuel prices and taxes, fourth quarter 2013 ...............................................................156
9.1 Coal supply by sector, 1973-2012 ...................................................................................163
9.2 Hard net coal imports by country, 1978-2012 ................................................................164
9.3 Coal versus gas price trends in the Netherlands, January 2008 to December 2013 ......166
10.1 Government spending on energy RD&D per GDP in IEA member countries, 2011 ........169
10.2 Government spending on energy RD&D, 1974-2012 .....................................................174

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TABLES
3.1 Overview of total expected GHG emissions by gases in 2010, 2020 and 2030 (Mt CO -eq) ....32
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3.2 International GHG emission credits (in million rights) ........................................................44
3.3 Overview of main measures to reduce GHG emissions, 2005-20 .......................................46
4.1 Estimated energy savings from the measures under the Energy Agreement ....................57
4.2 Overview of funding of energy efficiency measures ...........................................................58
4.3 Modal split of passenger transport on land, 2011 ..............................................................62
5.1 Installed generating capacity and production, 2012 ..........................................................71
6.1 Competitive tenders driving down technology cost (illustration for electricity options,
EUR/kWh) ..........................................................................................................................112
6.2 Results of SDE+ (EUR/kWh) ...............................................................................................113
8.1 Underground gas storage facilities, 2013 .........................................................................138
8.2 Gas network expansion in the Netherlands, 2005-14.......................................................139
9.1 Planned new coal-fired capacity in the Netherlands ........................................................165
BOXES
2.1 The ten pillars of the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth of September 2013 ...25
3.1 Reforming the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) ..............................39
3.2 Rotterdam as Europe’s CO hub and the ROAD CCS Project ............................................42
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3.3 The Rotterdam Climate Initiative (RCI) .............................................................................46
4.1 EU energy efficiency regulations ......................................................................................55
4.2 IEA 25 energy efficiency recommendations .....................................................................64
5.1 Market coupling in Western Europe.................................................................................77
5.2 Major planned interconnections until 2025 .....................................................................87
5.3 The State Co-ordination Programme for Energy Infrastructure Projects .........................88
5.4 Empowering consumer choice in electricity markets .......................................................91
5.5 Regional co-operation on network security .....................................................................99
7.1 Results of EU stress tests ................................................................................................123
10.1 Integrating R&D and the support to renewable energy deployment .............................176

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