Energy policies of iea countries.

437 Pages·2003·3.831 MB·English

by  OECD

Comp 4bis 20/11/03 16:58 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Energy Policies
of IEA Countries
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2003 Review
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g Energy Policies
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This volume contains an analysis of developments in energy policies
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and markets in the Member countries of the International Energy Agency.
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It includes: li of IEA Countries
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■ Summaries of the in-depth reviews of Austria, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, i
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Japan and Switzerland conducted from October 2002 to June 2003. s
The full reviews are published separately.
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■ Short reviews of policy developments in Australia, Belgium, f
Czech Republic, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, and Turkey. IE
■ Energy balances and key statistical data for all Member countries. A

■ Key energy statistics since 1973. C
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The overview section examines trends in energy markets, including an u
analysis of recent trends in energy demand, supply and the fuel prices. n
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It highlights key issues related to energy security, which remains r
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a major government preoccupation. It examines Member countries’ e
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progress in energy market reform, their actions to meet the Kyoto
greenhouse gas emissions targets, their policies on energy
efficiency and energy R&D. It contains a short study
of developments in non-Member countries, including China,
India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Russia, Central and
South-eastern Europe and Saudi Arabia. 2
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2003 Review
(61 2003 13 1 P1) €120
ISBN 92-64-01480-2
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Energy Policies
of IEA Countries
2003 Review
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR
9, rue de la Fédération, ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France AND DEVELOPMENT
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris
autonomous body which was established in November on 14th December 1960, and which came into force
1974 within the framework of the Organisation for on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall
implement an international energy programme. promote policies designed:
It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co- • to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth
operation among twenty-six* of the OECD’s thirty and employment and a rising standard of living in
member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: member countries, while maintaining financial
stability, and thus to contribute to the development
• to maintain and improve systems for coping with oil of the world economy;
supply disruptions;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in
• to promote rational energy policies in a global member as well as non-member countries in the
context through co-operative relations with non- process of economic development; and
member countries, industry and international
organisations; • to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a
multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance
• to operate a permanent information system on the with international obligations.
international oil market;
The original member countries of the OECD are Austria,
• to improve the world’s energy supply and demand Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
structure by developing alternative energy sources Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
and increasing the efficiency of energy use; Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the
United Kingdom and the United States. The following
• to assist in the integration of environmental and countries became members subsequently through
energy policies. accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan
(28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia
(7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973),
* IEA member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic
Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996),
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic Poland (22nd November 1996), the Republic of Korea
of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, (12th December 1996) and Slovakia (28th September
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the 2000). The Commission of the European Communities
United Kingdom, the United States. The European takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD
Commission also takes part in the work of the IEA. Convention).
© OECD/IEA, 2003
Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication
should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD
2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
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FOREWORD
Reviewing the energy policies of member countries is a central activity of the
International Energy Agency. Regular reviews have contributed substantially
over the years to policy-making at the national level.
Each member country is reviewed in depth every four years. This book contains
summaries of reviews of Austria, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan and Switzerland
conducted from October 2002 to June 2003. Shorter standard reviews are also
included covering seven other member countries: Australia, Belgium, the Czech
Republic, New Zealand, Norway, Spain and Turkey.
An overview focuses on recent developments in the energy market and in
energy policies. The subjects highlighted this year include energy security, the
progress of member countries in regulatory reform, their actions to meet the
Kyoto greenhouse gas emission targets, their policies on energy efficiency and
energy R&D as well as developments in major non-member countries. Key
statistical information is also included.
Claude Mandil
Executive Director
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Much of the information in this report is drawn from in-depth reviews conducted
by representatives of IEA member countries and members of the IEA Secretariat.
The information contained in this publication is the best available as of September
2003 and is subject to change. The desk officer listed in each team was
responsible for managing the review and was principal author of the report, which
has also been published in a separate volume and appears in summary form here.
The desk officers also wrote the shorter standard reviews included here.
Jun Arima supervised preparations for this book and wrote the chapters on
market trends and energy security. Many members of the IEA staff contributed
to this book. Major contributions came from Antoine Halff, Lawrence Eagles
(oil market trend), Fatih Birol, Gordon Duffus (energy security) Doug Cooke,
Peter Fraser (electricity), Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe (gas), John Cameron (coal),
Jonathan Pershing, Kristi Varangu, Nicolas Lefevre (environment), Mitsuhide
Hoshino (R&D), Alan Meier (efficiency), Xavier Chen (China), Ladan Mahboobi
(India), Brett Jacobs (South-East Asia), Sylvie D’Apote, Anouk Honore (Latin
America), Emmanuel Bergasse (Central and South-eastern Europe), Isabelle
Murray (Russia), Dunia Chalabi (Saudi Arabia). Karen Treanton, Toril Ekeland
and Pierpaolo Cazzola (key statistics and indicators), Monica Petit (figures),
Marilyn Ferris and Sandra Martin (editing).
2002–2003 IN-DEPTH REVIEWS
Austria
Although the in-depth review for Austria was conducted in the 2001-2002 review
cycle, the timing of its publication meant that the summary of conclusions was
unable to appear in Energy Policies of IEA Countries – 2002 Review.
Team Leader: José Carvalho-Netto (Portugal). Team members: Louis Meuric
(France), Kaj Stærkind (Denmark), Franz Söldner (EC), Jun Arima (IEA), Shigetaka
Seki (IEA), Jonathan Coony (IEA).
Finland
At the time of publication this report is under preparation. The summary of
conclusions and recommendations will be included in the 2004 edition.
Hungary
Team Leader: John Havard (United Kingdom). Team members: Helen Gratsia
(Greece), Karina Veum (Norway), Timo Haapalehto (NEA), Olivier Appert (IEA),
Alain Bilot (IEA), Pierre Audinet (IEA).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Energy Policies of IEA Countries
Ireland
Team Leader: Michael Lear (New Zealand). Team members: Stephanie Bauer
(Germany), Pekka Tervo (Finland), Johannes Maters (EC), Jun Arima (IEA),
Jonathan Coony (IEA).
Italy
Team Leader: Didier Houssin (France). Team members: Jeroen Brinkhoff (the
Netherlands), Kjetil Wilhelmsen (Norway), Wolfgang Langen (Germany),
Johannes Maters (EC), Jun Arima (IEA), Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe (IEA), Pierre
Audinet (IEA).
Japan
Team Leader: Hartmut Schneider (Germany). Team members: Samuel Baldwin
(United States), Jordi Dolader i Clara (Spain), Alan Heyes (United Kingdom),
Helen Ratcliffe (Australia), Peter Wilmer (NEA), Olivier Appert (IEA), Richard
Baron (IEA), Lea Gynther (IEA).
Switzerland
Team Leader: Kazuyuki Katayama (Japan). Team members: Timo Ritonummi
(Finland), Margrethe Slinde (Norway), Rober-Rush Price (NEA), Jonathan Pershing
(IEA), Jun Arima (IEA), Lea Gynther (IEA).
STANDARD REVIEWS
Australia: Pierre Audinet; Belgium: Lea Gynther; Czech Republic: Emmanuel
Bergasse; New Zealand:Jonathan Coony; Norway:Jonathan Coony; Spain:Lea
Gynther; Turkey: Pierre Audinet.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD .......................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................ 5
PART 1 OVERVIEW OF ENERGY POLICY AND
MARKET DEVELOPMENTS ....................... 11
INTRODUCTION ................................... 13
MARKET TRENDS .................................. 17
Energy Demand: OECD ...................................... 17
Energy Consumption by Sector: OECD ........................ 23
World Energy Production .................................... 28
Energy Prices ............................................... 33
Energy Intensity and CO Emissions ........................... 47
2
ENERGY SECURITY ................................. 55
Near Term Risks ............................................. 55
New Dimension of Energy Security ............................ 57
Global Challenges for Energy Security ......................... 61
ENERGY MARKET REFORM ......................... 69
Electricity ................................................... 69
Gas ........................................................ 79
Coal ....................................................... 85
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .. 89
Climate Change ............................................. 89
Sustainable Development .................................... 98
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................... 105
General Trends in Efficiency Policies ........................... 105
Minimum Efficiency Regulations .............................. 106
Voluntary Efficiency Programmes .............................. 109
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY ....................... 111
Critical Role of Energy Technology ............................ 111
R&D Funding Challenge ..................................... 111
Promising Areas for Clean Technology Development ............ 112
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Energy Policies of IEA Countries
The Role of the IEA to Promote Collaborative Efforts ............. 114
Recent Trends in Member Countries’ Energy R&D Policies ........ 117
ENERGY POLICIES IN NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES ..... 121
China ...................................................... 121
India ....................................................... 123
South-east Asia .............................................. 124
South America .............................................. 126
Russia ...................................................... 130
Central and South-eastern Europe ............................. 133
Middle East ................................................. 136
PART 2 THE COUNTRY REPORTS ........................ 139
IN-DEPTH REVIEWS: SUMMARIES .................... 141
Austria ..................................................... 143
Hungary ................................................... 151
Ireland ..................................................... 159
Italy ........................................................ 169
Japan ...................................................... 177
Switzerland ................................................. 185
STANDARD REVIEWS .............................. 191
Australia .................................................... 193
Belgium .................................................... 203
Czech Republic ............................................. 215
New Zealand ............................................... 223
Norway .................................................... 235
Spain ...................................................... 245
Turkey ..................................................... 253
ENERGY BALANCES AND KEY STATISTICAL DATA
OF IEA COUNTRIES ................................ 261
ANNEX A: Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data Tables .. 367
ANNEX B: Government Energy R&D Budgets ............. 393
ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals” .... 419
ANNEX D: Communique ............................... 421
ANNEX E: Measurement of Financial Support
for Coal Production .......................... 425
ANNEX F: Glossary and List of Abbreviations.............. 429
ANNEX G: Footnotes to Energy Balances and Key
Statistical Data .............................. 433
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tables and Figures (Part 1)
TABLES
1. Total Primary Energy Supply in OECD Regions ..................... 17
2. Total Final Consumption in OECD Regions ........................ 23
3. Electricity Consumption ............................................. 24
4. Electricity Generation by Source, 1992 and 2002 ................. 32
5. Quarterly Natural Gas Price Indices ................................ 40
6. Quarterly Steam Coal Price Indices ................................. 43
7. Quarterly Electricity Price Indices ................................... 45
8. Energy-related CO Emissions in IEA Countries .................... 49
2
9. Electricity Market Reform Progress in EU Countries ................ 71
10. Status of US Natural Gas Industry Restructuring at the Retail
Level, by State, as of December 2002 .............................. 80
11. Natural Gas Market Reform Progress in EU Countries.............. 83
12. Major Product Areas Covered by Energy Star in Different Countries
as of 2003........................................................... 110
FIGURES
1. Total Primary Energy Supply in OECD Countries, 1973 to 2002 .. 18
2. Oil Demand in OECD Countries by Region, 1973 to 2002 ........ 19
3. Consumption of Oil Products by Sector in IEA Countries,
1973 to 2001 ....................................................... 21
4. Natural Gas Demand in OECD Countries by Region,
1973 to 2002 ....................................................... 21
5. Coal Demand in OECD Countries by Region, 1973 to 2002 ...... 22
6. Electricity Demand (Final Consumption) in OECD Countries
by Region, 1973 to 2001 ........................................... 24
7. Total Final Consumption in OECD Countries by Source,
1973 to 2001 ....................................................... 25
8. Final Consumption by Sector and by Source in OECD Countries,
1973 to 2001 ....................................................... 27
9. World Oil Production, 1990 to 2002 ............................... 29
10. World Natural Gas Production, 1990 to 2002 ..................... 30
11. World Coal Production, 1973 to 2002 ............................. 31
12. OECD Electricity Supply by Source, 1973 to 2002 ................ 33
13. Crude Oil Prices, 1972 to 2003 .................................... 34
14. Indexed Fuel Prices, First Quarter 1999 to First Quarter 2003 .... 34
15. Gasoline Price Trends inSelected IEA Countries,
January 1999 to April 2003 ....................................... 35
16. OECD Unleaded Gasoline Prices and Taxes, First Quarter 2003 .. 36
17. OECD Automotive Diesel Prices and Taxes, First Quarter 2003 ... 37
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