Energy Policies of IEA Countries, 2000 Review.

317 Pages·5.601 MB·English

by  OECD

Ccomp2000c 4/12/00 14:39 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Energy
Policies
of IEA
Countries
2000 Review
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Energy
Policies
of IEA
Countries
2000 Review
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR
9, rue de la Fédération, ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
75739 Paris, cedex 15, France AND DEVELOPMENT
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in
autonomous body which was established in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into
November 1974 within the framework of the force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Development (OECD) to implement an international shall promote policies designed:
energy programme. • To achieve the highest sustainable economic
growth and employment and a rising standard of
It carries out a comprehensive programme of living in Member countries, while maintaining
energy co-operation among twenty-four* of the financial stability, and thus to contribute to the
OECD’s twenty-nine Member countries. The basic development of the world economy;
aims of the IEA are: • To contribute to sound economic expansion in
• To maintain and improve systems for coping Member as well as non-member countries in the
with oil supply disruptions; process of economic development; and
• To promote rational energy policies in a global • To contribute to the expansion of world trade on
context through co-operative relations with non- a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in
member countries, industry and international accordance with international obligations.
organisations;
• To operate a permanent information system on The original Member countries of the OECD are
the international oil market; Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
• To improve the world’s energy supply and Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
demand structure by developing alternative Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
energy sources and increasing the efficiency of Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United
energy use; Kingdom and the United States. The following
• To assist in the integration of environmental countries became Members subsequently through
and energy policies. accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan
(28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969),
* IEA Member countries: Australia, Austria, Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and the
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Republic of Korea (12th December 1996). The
Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes
European Commission also takes part in the work of part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the
the IEA. OECD Convention).
© OECD/IEA, 2000
Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication
should be made to:
Head of Publications Service, OECD
2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris cedex 16, France.
FOREWORD
Reviewing the energy policies of Member countries is a central activity of the
International Energy Agency. Regular peer reviews have contributed significantly
over the years to co-operation among IEA Members.
Each Member country is reviewed in depth every four years. The 1999/2000 review
cycle included reviews of Canada,France,Luxembourg,the Netherlands,Portugal
and Sweden. This book contains summaries of these six in-depth studies; the full
texts are published separately. Shorter standard reviews were conducted for six
Member countries: Austria,Denmark,Germany,Greece,the United Kingdom and the
United States.
An Overview focuses on recent developments in the energy market and energy
policy. The subjects highlighted this year include fuel prices in the past year,
regulatory reform in the energy sector, policies and measures for global climate
change mitigation,the research and development policies in Member countries and
developments in major non-member countries. Key statistical information is also
included.
Robert Priddle
Executive Director
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Much of the information in this report is drawn from in-depth reviews conducted by
representatives of IEA Member countries and members of the IEA Secretariat. The desk
officer listed in each team was responsible for managing the review and was principal author
of the report,which has also been published in a separate volume and appears in summary
form here. The desk officers also wrote the shorter standard reviews included here.
Shigetaka Seki,head of the Country Studies Division,oversaw preparations for this book and
wrote the Energy Market Trends section. Other sections were written by staff members from
other IEA Divisions: Carlos Ocaña (electricity), Jochen Hierl (gas), Peter Fraser (coal),
Jonathan Pershing (environment),Jean-Pierre Des Rosiers (efficiency),Maria Virdis (technology
and R&D),and Jean-Christophe Fueg (non-member countries). Karen Treanton and Maria
Mendiluce prepared the Key Statistics and Indicators,Monica Petit prepared the figures,and
Marilyn Ferris provided administrative assistance.
1999-2000 In-Depth Reviews
Canada
Team leader: Hugh E.Brouwer (the Netherlands). Team members: Doug Cooke (Australia),
Philippe Kahn (France),Russell Profozich (USA),Evelyn Bertel (NEA),Shigetaka Seki (IEA),
Michael Landwehr (IEA),Desk Officer: John Cameron (IEA).
France
Team leader: Masaaki Mishiro (Japan). Team members: Graham Boyce (UK),Sigurd Lauge-
Pedersen (Denmark),Alicia Mignone (Italy),Richard Greenwood (EC),Peter Wilmer (NEA),
Shigetaka Seki (IEA),Jochen Hierl (IEA),Desk Officer: Gudrun Lammers (IEA).
Luxembourg
Team leader: Sue Harrison (United Kingdom),Team members: Helen Gratsia (Greece),Alicia
Guimaraes-Purokoski (EC),Shigetaka Seki (IEA),Desk Officer: Pierre-Marie Cussaguet (IEA).
Netherlands
Team leader: Bertrand de l’Épinois (France),Team members: Uwe-Jens Lorenzen (Germany),
Marit Måge (Norway),Pierre Mélon (Belgium),Richard Greenwood (EC),Olivier Appert (IEA),
Desk Officer: Gudrun Lammers (IEA).
Portugal
Team leader: David Pumphrey (United States),Team members: Pascal Dupuis (France),Anja
Silvennoinen (Finland),Jean-Francis Pasquier (EC),Shigetaka Seki (IEA),Desk Officer: Pierre-
Marie Cussaguet (IEA).
Sweden
Team leader: José Sierra (Spain), Team members: Mirja Kosonen (Finland), Shin Morita
(Japan),Knut Kübler (EC),Ivan Vera (NEA),Olivier Appert (IEA),Carlos Ocaña (IEA),Desk
Officer: John Cameron (IEA).
Standard Reviews
Denmark,Greece,United Kingdom - John Cameron; Germany - Pierre-Marie Cussaguet; Austria,
United States - Gudrun Lammers.
5

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword .................................................. 3
Acknowledgements ......................................... 5
PART 1 OVERVIEW OF ENERGY POLICY AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS .. 11
Energy Market Trends .................................. 13
• Energy Demand ......................................... 14
• Energy Supply ........................................... 22
• Energy Prices ............................................ 26
• Energy Intensity and CO Emissions ....................... 34
2
Energy Policy Developments in IEA Member Countries .. 45
• Enhancing Competition ................................... 45
• Policies and Measures to Mitigate Climate Change in IEA Member
Countries ................................................ 59
• Energy Efficiency Policies ................................. 70
• Technology and Research and Development Policy .......... 73
• Energy Policy Development in Non-Member Countries ....... 79
PART 2 THE COUNTRY REPORTS ..................................... 87
In-depth Reviews: Summaries ........................ 89
Canada ................................................... 91
France .................................................... 101
Luxembourg ............................................... 107
Portugal ................................................... 111
Sweden ................................................... 117
The Netherlands ........................................... 125
Standard Reviews ...................................... 129
Austria .................................................... 131
Denmark .................................................. 139
Germany .................................................. 149
Greece .................................................... 163
The United Kingdom ........................................ 171
The United States ........................................... 179
Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data ...................... 193
Australia ................................................... 195
Belgium .................................................... 199
Finland..................................................... 203
Hungary.................................................... 207
Ireland ..................................................... 211
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Energy Policies of IEA Countries
Italy........................................................ 215
Japan...................................................... 219
New Zealand............................................... 223
Norway.................................................... 227
Spain ...................................................... 231
Switzerland................................................. 235
Turkey...................................................... 239
A ANNEX: Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data Tables ..... 243
B ANNEX: Government Energy R&D Budgets .................. 271
C ANNEX: IEA Shared Goals ................................. 297
D ANNEX: Measurement of Financial Support for Coal Production
Using a Producer Subsidy Equivalent Calculation ..... 299
E ANNEX: Glossary and List of Abbreviations .................. 303
F ANNEX: Footnotes to Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data .. 307
PART 1 List of Tables and Figures
Tables
1. Total Primary Energy Supply in OECD Regions ........... 14
2. Electricity Consumption ................................. 20
3. Total Final Consumption in OECD Regions ................ 20
4. Energy-Related CO Emissions Excluding International Marine
2
Bunkers ............................................... 40
5. Climate Change: Key Energy and CO Emissions Data for
2
OECD Countries, 1998 ..................................... 43
6. Recent Large Electric Utility Mergers and Acquisitions ..... 48
7. Consumer Eligibility under the EU Gas Directive .......... 52
8. Subsidised Hard Coal Production in the IEA, 1999 ........ 55
9. Annex B Targets in the Kyoto Protocol .................... 61
10. Variations in Key Indicators across OECD Countries ....... 62
11. Tabulation of Energy-Related Policies and Measures in the IEA
Database .................................................... 68
12. Tabulation of Energy-Related Policies and Measures in the IEA
Database, by Sector ......................................... 69
Figures
1. Total Primary Energy Supply in OECD Countries, 1973-2010 .. 15
2. Total Final Consumption in OECD Countries, 1973-2010 ... 15
3. Oil Demand in OECD Countries (by region), 1973-1999 ... 16
4. Consumption of Oil Products by Sector in IEA Countries, 1973-
1998 ........................................................ 17
5. Natural Gas Demand in OECD Countries (by region), 1973-
1999 ................................................. 18
6. Coal Demand in OECD Countries (by region), 1973-1999 .. 19
7. Electricity Demand (Final Consumption) in OECD Countries
(by region), 1973-1998 ................................ 19
8
Energy Policies of IEA Countries TABLE OF CONTENTS
8. Final Consumption by Sector and by Fuel in OECD Countries,
1973-2010 ........................................... 21
9. World Oil Production, 1990-1998 ...................... 23
10. World Natural Gas Production, 1990-1998 .............. 24
11. World Coal Production, 1990-1998 ..................... 25
12. OECD Electricity Supply by Fuel, 1973-1999 ............. 25
13. Crude Oil Prices, 1972-2000 ........................... 27
14. Indexed Fuel Prices, January 1999-March 2000 .......... 27
15. Gasoline Price Trends in Selected IEA Countries, January
1999-June 2000 ....................................... 28
16. Gasoline Prices and Taxes in IEA Countries, First Quarter
2000 ................................................. 29
17. Diesel Price Trends in Selected IEA Countries, January 1999-
June 2000 ............................................ 30
18. Automotive Diesel Prices and Taxes in IEA Countries, First
Quarter 2000 ......................................... 31
19. Space Heating Oil Price Trends in Selected IEA Countries,
January 1999-April 2000 .............................. 32
20. Gas Prices in IEA Countries, 1998 ....................... 33
21. Electricity Prices in IEA Countries, 1998 .................. 35
22. Steam Coal Prices in IEA Countries, 1998 ................ 36
23. Energy Demand in IEA Countries: a Sectoral View, 1960-
1998 ................................................. 36
24. Final Consumption by Sector per GDP (PPP) in Selected IEA
Countries, 1973-2010 ................................. 37
25. Energy-Related CO Emissions Relative to GDP (PPP) in IEA
2
Countries, 1960-1998 ................................. 38
26. Key Factors Affecting Energy-Related Carbon Emissions in
Industrialised Countries, 1970-2010 ..................... 39
27. CO Emissions per GDP by Sector in IEA Countries, 1998 .. 39
2
28. CO Emissions per Capita by Fuel in IEA Countries, 1998 .. 41
2
29. Fuel Share by Country, 1999 ........................... 41
30. Energy-Related CO Emissions by Sector in Selected IEA
2
Countries, 1992-1998 ........................................ 42
31. Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in the Energy Sector,
1990-1999 ........................................... 50
32. Planned Gas Market Opening in the European Union ..... 53
33. IEA Hard Coal Production, 1999 ........................ 56
34. Assisted Hard Coal Production in IEA Countries, 1991-1999 57
35. Aid per Tonne of Coal Equivalent, 1991-1999 ............ 57
36. Shares of Subsidies Paid and Subsidised Production ....... 58
37. Energy-Related GHG Emissions of Annex I Countries, 1990-
2020 (projected) ....................................... 60
38. Government Energy R&D Budgets in IEA Countries, by Geographic
Area .................................................. 74
39. Government Energy R&D Budgets in IEA Countries, by Technology
Area .................................................. 75
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