Energy, Management, Principles. Applications, Benefits, Savings

509 Pages·1981·10.458 MB·English

by  Craig B. Smith (Auth.)

Pergamon Titles of
Related interest
Smith EFFICIENT ELECTRICITY USE, 2nd Edition
Fazzoiare/smith ENERGY USE MANAGEMENT,
3 volume set
Fazzoiare/smith CHANGING ENERGY USE FUTURES,
4 volume set
Reay INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION,
2nd Edition
RUttley STANDARD TERMS OF THE ENERGY ECONOMY
Related Journals*
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLAR ENERGY
SPACE SOLAR POWER REVIEW
*Free specimen copies available upon request.
Energy
Management
Principles
APPLICATIONS
BENEFITS
SAVINGS
CRAIC B. SMITH
PERGAMON PRESS
New York Oxford Toronto Sydney Paris Frankfurt
Pergamon Press Offices:
U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc.. Maxwell House. Fairview Park.
Elmsford. New York 10523. U.S.A.
U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd.. Headington Hill Hall.
Oxford 0X3 OBVV. England
CANADA Pergamon Press Canada Ltd.. Suite 104. 150 Consumers Road.
Willowdale. Ontario M2J 1P9. Canada
AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.. P.O. Box 544.
Potts Point. NSW 2011. Australia
FRANCE Pergamon Press SARL. 24 rue des Ecoles.
75240 Paris. Cedex 05. France
FEDERAL REPUBLIC Pergamon Press GmbH. Hammerweg 6
OF GERMANY 6242 Kronberg/Taunus. Federal Republic of Germany
Copyright © 1981 Pergamon Press inc.
Library of Congress cataloging in Publication Data
Smith, Craig B.
Energy management principles.
Bibliography: p.
includes index.
1. Energy conservation. 2. Power resources.
I. Title.
TJ163.3.S545 1981 333.7916 81-5167
ISBN 0-08-028036-6 AACR2
ISBN 0-08-028811-1 (pbk.)
All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means:
electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Printed in the United States of America
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Crude Oil Price Increases 2
1.2 Historical Electricity Use — Community Concourse
(San Diego, California) 3
2.1 Escalation of Gasoline Prices in the Los Angeles Area 12
2.2 Ultimate World Production of Crude Oil 14
2.3 Annual Energy Output 18
3.1 Heat Recovery Using an Air Preheater 30
3.2 Flow Diagram of Mine Air Heating and Compressor
Cooling Cycle 31
4.1 Organization Chart: Energy Management Program for
XYZ Industries, Inc., Long Island, N.Y 37
4.2 Interdepartmental Energy Conservation Committee
City of Los Angeles 38
4.3 Historical Energy Use XYZ Industries 39
4.4 Energy Use Per Capita 40
4.5 Energy Tracking in a Large Department Store 43
5.1 Schematic Site for Energy Audit Concept Development... 48
5.2 Site Survey Methodology 51
5.3 Site Survey: Electrical Systems 52
5.4 Site Survey: Steam 53
5.5 Site Survey: Water System 54
5.6A Site Survey: Summary Sheet 56
5.6B Area Energy Audit Summary 57
5.7 Building Survey Methodology 58
5.8 A Building Survey Team Being Briefed on Energy Use
in a Chemical Processing Plant 59
5.9 Basic Energy Audit Instrumentation 60
5.10 Building Survey Form 63
5.11 Computer Summary of Building Survey Data 64-65
5.12 Building Survey Summary Sheet 67
5.13 Energy Appraisal Methodology 68
5.14 Building Profile Data Sheet 69
6.1 Pumping Process Showing Losses 88
(A) Original System
(B) Modified System
6.2 A Pumping Example in an Integrated Process Plant 89
(A) Original System
(B) Modified System
6.3 The Aggregate Impact of Inefficiency 91
vii
viii Energy Management Principles
7.1 Psychrometric Chart 96
7.2 Components of a Typical HVAC System 99
7.3 Typical HVAC System Configurations
(A) Dual Duct System 100
(B) Multizone System 101
(C) Variable Air Volume System (VAV) 101
(D) Terminal Reheat System 102
(E) Evaporative Systems 102
(F) Package Systems 103
7.4 Basic HVAC System Model '. 104
7.5 Typical Chiller Operation Cycle 108
7.6 A Large HVAC Chiller 109
7.7 Fan Power Consumption for Various Types of Part
Load Controls 114
7.8 Typical Fan Performance Curve 115
7.9 Typical Pump Curves , 119
(A) Typical Centrifugal Pump Curves
(B) Performance Curves for a Large Nuclear Power
Plant Pump
7.10 A Typical HVAC Pump 120
7.11 Cooling Tower Sketch and Energy Balance 121
7.12 Typical Variable Air Volume Supplementation
Terminal Reheat System 125
7.13 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling of the Dual
Duct System 128
7.14 Design of Split Flow Modifications of HVAC System 129
7.15 Typical Economizer Control Modification 132
7.16 Addition of Recirculation to Once-Through HVAC
System to Recover Heat 133
7.17 Typical Heat Pipe Installation in a Facility Where
Recirculation Is Not Possible 135
7.18 A Typical Run-Around System 136
8.1 Sample Lighting Calculation 157
8.2 Office Illumination Calculation 158
8.3 Coefficients of Utilization for Typical Luminaires 161
8.4 Luminaire Maintenance Factors 162
8.5 Typical Lighting System Wiring Diagrams 163
(A) Incandescent Lamp
(B) Fluorescent Lamp
(C) Fluorescent Lamps
(D) Mercury Vapor Lamp
8.6 Typical Single-Phase Lighting Branch Circuit 173
8.7 Dirt Reduces Light Output 191
List Of Figures ix
8.8 Loss of Light to Dirt Collected 192
8.9 Three-Phase Voltage and Current Relations 195
8.10 Efficiency of Representative Electric Motors 197
8.11 Equivalent Motor Circuit for Determining Motor Losses .. 199
8.12 Models for Heat Loss Calculations 208
8.13 Steel Mill Daily Load Curves 215
8.14 Power Factor and Load Considerations 221
(A)Power Relationships for an Inductive Load
Without Power Factor Correction
(B) With Power Factor Correction
9.1 Relationship between Boiler Heat Loss and Excess Air 246
9.2 Potential Fuel Savings for Boilers from Flue-Gas Analysis . 247
9.3 A Package Boiler Suitable for Gas or Oil Firing 248
9.4 Relationship Between C0 ,0 and Excess Air 250
2 2
9.5 Boiler Efficiency Curves 251
(A)Natural Gas
(B) Coal and Oil
9.6 Approximate Fuel Savings When Heated Combustion
Air Is Used in Boiler Units 252
9.7 Heat Loss from Steam Leaks 253
9.8 Heat Loss from Bare Lines 254
9.9 Pressure Drop and Fluid Friction 258
9.10 Heat Recovery from Refrigeration System Compressor ... 261
9.11 Refrigerant Chart and Condensing Unit
Refrigerant Cycle 262
9.12 Heat Recovery from Condensing Unit 263
9.13 Effects of Lowering Pressure 269
(A)Single Stage Reciprocating and Rotary Screw
Compressors
(B)Two Stage Reciprocating and Centrifugal
Compressors
9.14 Air Compressor Temperature Measurements 271
10.1 Passive Design Techniques Used by Indian Cave
Dwellers 285
10.2 Use of a Wind Tower to Cool Buildings 287
10.3 Air Conditioning by Insects 289
10.4 Use of Underground Burrows by Kangaroo Rats to
Moderate Seasonal Temperature Variations 290
(A)Summer Profiles
(B) Fall Profiles
10.5 Desert Rodent Burrows and Nests 291
10.6 Lightweight Insulated Shelter for Mount Everest
Expedition 300
X Energy Management Principles
10.7 Design Concepts for Energy Efficient Buildings 309
10.8 Building Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs) 311
10.9 Upinsmoke Public Utility District Corporate
Headquarters Building 317
10.10 Building Floor Plan 319
10.11 Summer Load Profile 321
10.12 A.C. Load of Building 321
10.13 Savings within Each Modification of A.C.
Load Category 324
10.14 A.C. Load: Total Savings as a Result of Modifications 325
10.15 HVAC Equipment Schematic 327
10.16 HVAC System Present Condition (Electrical Side Only) ... 328
10.17 Savings within Each Category of HVAC System 331
10.18 HVAC System: Total Savings as a Result of Modifications . 332
10.19 U.P.U.D. Revised Daily Load Curve 335
11.1 Elements of a Computer System 340
11.2 ENHIST Flow Chart 344
11.3 Partial Listing of ENHIST 345
11.4 Typical ENHIST Printout 346
11.5 EMCS Conceptual Sketch 356
12.1 Sample Economic Analysis Problem: Is the More
Efficient Motor Justified? 363
12.2 Maximum Justified Capital Expenditure for
Energy Savings 378
14.1 Unplanned Growth 402
14.2 Planned Growth Alternative 404
15.1 Methodology of Energy Management 430
APPENDICES
C.l Electric Power Measurements 447
C.2A Schematic of a Nutating-Disk Type Flowmeter 454
C.2B Schematic of Rotary-Vane Flowmeter 454
C.2C Schematic of Lobed-Impeller Flowmeter 454
C.3 Operating Range of Pressure Gages 459
C.4 Typical Ranges for Flow Meters 461
C.5 Typical Ranges for Temperature Measuring Devices 463
C.6 SCE Control for Residential Load Demand
(Block Diagram) 466
C.7 Electro-Optical Meter Reading System 468
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 World Energy Resources 15
2.2 Approximate World Energy Use .. 16
2.3 Approximate World Electricity Production 17
3.1 Energy Management Program 25
3.2 General Principles of Energy Management 27
4.1 Planning an Energy Management Program 35
5.1 Principles of Site and Building Surveys 50
5.2 Site Survey Energy Management Opportunity
Checklist 55
5.3 Measurements for Building Surveys 61
5.4 Building Survey Energy Management Opportunity
Checklist 70
6.1 Power Factor and Efficiency of Selected Electric Motors ... 79
6.2 Approximate Effectiveness of Selected Industries 83
6.3 First-Law and Second-Law Efficiencies for Single
Source-Single Output Devices 86
6.4 Causes of Inefficiency 87
7.1 Principles for Energy Management in HVAC Systems 95
7.2 Ventilation Requirements from ASHRAE 62-73 as
Modified by 90-75 98
7.3 Typical Computer Programs for Energy System Simulation . 139
8.1 Energy Management Principles for Electrical Loads 152
8.2 Selected IES Recommended ESI Dlumination Values 155
8.3 Properties of Typical Lamps and Ballasts 164
8.4 Properties of 120 V Frosted Incandescent Lamps 165-166
8.5 Properties of 120 V Tungsten Halogen (Quartz) Lamps .... 166-167
8.6 Properties of Mercury Vapor 120 V AC Lamps
(Constant Wattage Autotransformer) 168
8.7 Properties of Fluorescent (Cool White) 120 V Lamps 169
8.8 Properties of Metal Halide and High-Pressure
Sodium Lamps 170
8.9 Properties of Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps and Ballast
Characteristics 171
8.10 Wire Ampacities, Sizes, and Resistance
(A) Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Copper
Conductors 174
(B) Properties of Conductors 175
(C) Multiplying Factors for Converting DC
Resistance to 60-Hertz AC Resistance 176
8.11 Branch Lighting Circuit Load Schedule (120 V/240 V) 178
XI
xii Energy Management Principles
8.12 Energy Management Opportunities in Lighting Systems ... 179
8.13 A Comparison of Incandescent Light Sources and Some
Possible Light Source Substitutes 180-183
8.14 Calculations of Maintenance Labor Savings for Sodium
Lighting Example 187
8.15 Typical Induction Motor Data 198
8.16 Energy Management Opportunities with Electric Motors... 201
8.17 Energy Management Opportunities with Electric Heat 205
8.18 Heat Losses from Ovens or Tanks 209
(A) Approximate Heat Losses from Insulated Oven or
Tank Walls (in W/m2)
(B) Approximate Heat Losses in kW/m2 from Liquid
Surfaces in Still Air
8.19 Energy Management Opportunities in Electrolysis 212
8.20 Steel Mill Data for Daily Load Curve 214
8.21 Load Analysis Parameters and Nomenclature 219
8.22 Suggested Capacitor Rating When Motor and
Capacitor Are Switched as Unit 224
8.23 KW Multipliers to Determine Capacitor Kilovars
Required for Power-Factor Correction 226-227
9.1 Examples of Principles for Process Energy Management ... 238-240
9.2 Properties of Fuel Materials 244
9.3 Usual Amount of Excess Air Supplied to
Fuel-Burning Equipment 249
9.4 Characteristics of Typical Air Compressors 268
9.5 Power Requirements and Compressor Air Inlet
Temperatures 268
9.6 Prospective Process Industries for Thermal Energy
Storage 276-277
10.1 Energy Management Principles for Integrated
Building Systems * 282
10.2 Typical Thermal Conductivity Values 294
10.3 Heat Losses through Glazing Systems 296
(A) Glazing Heat Losses
(B) Casement Heat Losses
10.4 Heat Loss Calculation for a Southern California
Residence 298
10.5 Energy Management Opportunities in the Building
Envelope 300-301
10.6 Benefit of Improved Insulation 302
10.7 Heat Loss Comparison for Three Building Designs 303
10.8 Basic Energy Storage (Heat/Cool) System Input
Parameters 312
List Of Tables xiii
10.9 Heat Storage Capabilities of Selected Hydrated Salts 315
10.10 Electrical Load Breakdown 320
10.11 Summary of Building Envelope and Lighting
Modifications and Their Effect on Air
Conditioning Loads 323
10.12 Equipment Schedule — HVAC Systems 326
10.13 Summary of HVAC Equipment Modifications 330
10.14 Potential Sources of Heat 333
10.15 Summary of U.P.U.D. Building Revisions 334
11.1 Energy Management Principles Involving Computers 339
11.2 Representative Minicomputer Software for the Energy
Manager 343
11.3 ENECON Sample Printout 348-350
12.1 Suggested Checklist of Data for Energy Management
Economy Studies 361
12.2 Life-Cycle Costing Example 364
12.3 Break-Even Analysis Example No, 1 366
12.4 Break-Even Analysis Example No. 2 367
12.5 Formulae and Nomenclature for Economic Analyses ..... 369
12.6 Benefit/Cost Analysis Example ....... 370
12.7 Payback Period Analysis Example 371
12.8 Present Worth Analysis 372
12.9 Equivalent Annual Cost Analysis ...... 373
12.10 Capitalized Cost Analysis 374
12.11 Prospective Rate of Return Analysis 375
12.12 Comparison of Methods 379
12.13 Summary of Calculations for Case Study 381
13.1 Codes and Regulations To Be Considered for
Energy Projects ,. 387
13.2 Assessing an Energy Management Program ,. 388
13.3 Develop Continuing Energy Management Efforts 390
13.4 Motivating Personnel for Energy Management 392
13.5 Planning New Facilities: Energy Considerations 394
14.1 Energy Management Principles for City Planning 400
14.2 Los Angeles City Department Electrical Use 407
14.3 City of Los Angeles Fuel Deliveries, All Departments,
(Except Water and Power) Vehicles, Equipment,
Boats, Helicopters, and Space Heating 408
14.4 Los Angeles City Energy Budget 409
14.5 Principles by Which Government Can Stimulate Energy
Management Activities 410
14.6 Basic Elements: Municipal Energy Management Plan .... 412-413