Energy in Brazil: Towards a Renewable Energy Dominated System

273 Pages·2009·1.9 MB·English

by  Antonio Dias Leite

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Energy in Brazil
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Energy in Brazil
Towards a Renewable Energy
Dominated System
Antonio Dias Leite
London • Sterling, VA
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FirstpublishedbyEarthscanintheUKandUSAin2009
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgements ix
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Chapter 1 Historical Overview of the 20th Century 1
Chapter 2 Energy and Economic Growth: A Statistical Abstract 29
Chapter 3 Hydroelectric Power 43
Chapter 4 Fossil Fuels 77
Chapter 5 The Nuclear Issue 107
Chapter 6 The Role of Biomass and Land Use in Brazil 123
Chapter 7 New Energy, Small Hydro and Biomass-Fired 159
Thermal Plants
Chapter 8 Energy Efficiency and Environment 171
Chapter 9 Brazil’s Energy Prospects within the World Context 201
Looking Forward 221
Appendix 1 Brazil in Maps 227
Appendix 2 List of Main Sources of Information in Brazil 235
Appendix 3 Brazilian Exchange Rate 1995–2007 239
Index 241
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List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Per-capita economic growth, 1902–2007 30
2.2 Current foreign transactions 35
2.3 Foreign debt 36
2.4 GDP and total primary energy supply (TPES) 37
2.5 Total primary renewable energy supply in Brazil 39
2.6 Total primary non-renewable energy supply in Brazil 39
2.7 Primary energy supply – renewable and non-renewable 40
3.1 Hydro and thermal generation capacity 50
3.2 Results from auctions of transmission lines since 1999 69
3.3 Price of electric power for the initial years of contracts 72
4.1 Investments in exploration and new discoveries of oil fields 78
4.2 Value of imports and exports of crude oil and oil products 81
4.3 Results from auction rounds for oil exploration 85
4.4 Deep-water wells 87
4.5 Proven reserves of natural gas in Brazil 90
4.6 Natural gas balance 94
4.7 Regional distribution of natural gas sales 95
4.8 Natural gas sales by consumer 95
4.9 Natural gas prices at city gates 101
5.1 Capacity factor of Angra I and Angra II power plants 112
6.1 Automobile sales: domestic market share by type of fuel 126
6.2 Production of ethanol 127
6.3 Sugar cane yield in Brazil 128
6.4 Charcoal consumption according to its origin 134
6.5 Average productivity of forest plantations 137
6.6 Results from auctions for the purchase of bio-diesel 142
6.7 Land utilization in Brazil, 1970–2006 146
6.8 Grains – production, area and productivity 148
6.9 Exports from agriculture – value, quantity and price 148
6.10 Sugar cane and soybeans – regional distribution of planted areas 150
6.11 Deforested area of the Amazon region 154
9.1 Ratio between energy per capita and GDP per capita, 204
1965–2000
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viii Energy in Brazil
9.2 World total primary energy consumption 207
9.3 Projection of carbon dioxide emissions 209
9.4 Final energy consumption by source 213
9.5 Probable flow of liquid fuels in 2011 218
Tables
2.1 Economic growth and inflation, 1948–2007 30
2.2 Total primary energy supply in Brazil by source 36
2.3 Total primary energy supply and CO emissions 38
2
2.4 Total energy consumption in Brazil by sector 41
2.5 Dependence on energy imports by source 41
3.1 Privatization of the electricity system 55
3.2 Results from auctions of rights to potential hydroelectric sites 60
3.3 Results from auctions of transmission lines – first phase 60
3.4 Results from auctions of transmission lines – second phase 68
3.5 Taxes and other charges added to the electric power price 75
3.6 Generating capacity expansion 75
4.1 Direct foreign investments in exploration and production of oil 79
4.2 Proven reserves and production of oil 79
4.3 Dependence on oil imports 80
4.4 PETROBRAS concessions 84
4.5 Foreign oil companies in activity in the Campos Basin 88
4.6 Charges on fuel prices in 2004 100
6.1 Primary energy supply from sugar cane 127
6.2 Input and output of energy in the sugar agribusiness 130
6.3 Breakdown of energy content in sugar cane 131
6.4 Primary energy supply – wood and charcoal 134
6.5 Bio-diesel plants authorized by ANP up to January 2008 143
6.6 Harvested area of major crops in 2006 147
7.1 Status of PROINFA projects in February 2008 165
7.2 Comparative expenditures for water heating 167
8.1 Results from PROCEL initiatives 190
8.2 Household consumption of electricity 190
8.3 Number of vehicles and fuel consumption, 1995–2007 195
9.1 Total primary energy, population and GDP 202
9.2 World population, GDP and primary energy growth rates 203
9.3 Growth forecasts of worldwide energy consumption 207
9.4 Economic forecasts for Brazil, 2006–16 212
9.5 Electricity forecasts for Brazil 214
9.6 Forecasts for electricity-generation capacity 214
9.7 Power plants construction schedule 215
9.8 Production forecasts for oil and natural gas 217
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Acknowledgements
This book, in the English language, would not have been completed
without the assistance and friendly advice of many people to whom I
would like to express my gratitude.
I begin by thanking, for their criticism and advice, the professors from
the energy group of the Institute of Economy at the Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), where I worked for 40 years: Adilson de Oliveira,
Helder Queiroz Pinto Jr and Edmar Fagundes Almeida; and also Carlos
Eduardo Frickman Young for his advice on the environment. I am also
grateful for assistance and support from Marcos J. Marques, Jayme
Buarque de Holanda and Pietro Erber from the National Institute of
Energy Efficiency (INEE).
IamgratefulfortheadvicethatIreceivedfromJersonKelmanandGilma
dos Passos Rocha from the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL),
Luiz Augusto Lattari Barreto from the National Systems Operator (ONS),
RubensCristianoGarlippfromtheBrazilianForestrySociety(SBS),James
Bolivar Luna de Azevedo from the National Energy Research Company
(EPE), Nelson Fontes Siffert from the Brazilian Development Bank
(BNDES),FelipeA.DiasfromtheBrazilianPetroleumInstitute(IBP),Jose
Domingos Migues from MCT, Leo Hime and Nelson Silveira from Brazil
Eco-Diesel, and Henrique Saraiva from Usina Verde, all of whom offered
pertinent suggestions. Regarding the nuclear issue, I received valuable
supportfromWitoldLepecki(retired),AdrianoMacielTavaresandMozart
Camara de Miranda Filho from Brazilian Nuclear Industries (INB), and
Leonam dos Santos Guimarães from ELETRONUCLEAR.
The maps were kindly organized by Edna Campello and Helena K. Ito
from the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Lilian
CordeirodeMelloandLeilaLobodeMendonçafromCentrodaMemória
da Eletricidade, and Haroldo de Moraes Ramos from PETROBRAS.
I thank Aglen McLauchlan and Noreen Vanderput for their patience
and a careful translation into English, as well as Cynthia Azevedo for her
editing of the final text.
A very special reference must be made to Hugh McManus (a Brazilian
Scotsman),whopatientlyreadthebookfromthefirsttotheverylastpage
and offered invaluable suggestions on the book’s coherence.